PREVALENCE OF PSYCHROTROPHIC BACTERIA IN BEEF AND CHICKEN PRODUCTS

Assiut Vet. Med. J. Vol. 52 No. 109 April 2006

Dept. of Food Hygiene, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza.

PREVALENCE OF PSYCHROTROPHIC BACTERIA IN BEEF AND CHICKEN PRODUCTS

(With 3 Tables)

By HALA F. HASSAN (Received at 5/3/2006)

مدى تواجد البکتريا المحبة للبرودة في منتجات اللحوم والدواجن

هالة فريد حسن

تم تجميع ۱۰۰ عينة من منتجات الدواجن واللحوم عبارة عن ۲۰ عينة لکل من صدر الدجاج المدخن، صدر رومي جاهز ، قشطة دجاج مطهية مدخنة، لحم بقري جاهز وسلامي لحم بقر جاف وذلک عن طريق شرائها من الأسواق في محافظات الجيزة والقاهرة وذلک التقييمها من الناحية الصحية. وباجراء الطرق القياسية لتقدير العد البکتيري للميکروبات

کان متوسط العد البکتيري بالنسبة للميکروبات المحبة

سيرس

المحبة للبرودة والباسيلس

۱۰۸ ،

۱,۲+۲۱۰x۱,۹ ، ۱۱۰x۳

۲۱۰۷+

للبرودة في العينات السابقة ۳٫۲

۳۱۰ على التوالي

۲۱۰x۲ ، ۱۰x۳٫۳+ ۱۰x۱٫۸ و ۳۱۰x۲٫۹

,۶۳ ۲۱۰ +

،

وبالنسبة لميکروبات الباسيلس سيرس کانت ۲۱۰X 4+ ۳۱۰x۱ ، ۱۰x۲+۱۰x۲

على التوالي. وکانت

و ۱۰X 4+ ۱۰X4

۱۰x۲+۱۰x۳ ،۱۰x۳+۱۰X5 نسبة العزل الميکروب الباسيلس سيرس في العينات ۵، ۱۰، ۵، ۱۰ و 5% على التوالى ولم يتم عزل ميکروب الليستريا مونوسيتوجين من قشطة الدجاج المطهية المدخنة، والسلامی البقري الجاف بينما تم عزله بنسبة 5% من کل من الثلاث منتجات الأخرى وکذلک بالنسبة

ولکن عزلت

الميکروب اليرسينيا أنتيروکوليتيکا لم يتم عزلها من السلامي البقري الجاف بنسبة 10% من اللحم البقري الجاهز وبنسبة 5% من کل من الثلاث منتجات الأخرى.

SUMMARY

One hundred samples of beef and chicken products, 20 each of smoked chicken breast, pressed turkey breast, cooked smoked chicken roll, pressed beef and dry beef salami were purchased from supermarkets in Giza and Cairo Governorates for sanitary evaluation. Standard methods were used to determine psychrotrophic and Bacillus cereus counts where the mean values of psychrotrophic counts for smoked chicken breast, pressed turkey breast, cooked smoked chicken, roll, pressed beef and dry beef salami Were 3.2x10 3x10, 1.6x10 + 1.2x102, 3.6x102 +3.3x

61

AssiutVet. Med. J. Vol. 52 No. 109 April 2006 102, 2 x 103 +1.8 x 103 and 2.6 x 103 = 10% respectively while of B.cereus count were 2x 10 = 2 x10, 1 x 10o = 4 x102, 5 x10 3 x 10, 3 x 10- + 2 x 10- and 4 x 10 = 4 x 10 respectively. The incidence of B.cereus in the examined samples was 5, 10, 5, 10 and 5% respectively. L.monocytogenes couldn't be detected in cooked smoked chicken roll and dry salami while it was 5% in each of the other three products. In addition, Y.enterocolitica couldn't be detected in dry salami while it was 10% in pressed beef and 5% for each of the other three products.

Key words: Psychrotrophs, chicken products, meat products,

L.monocytogenes, B.cereus, Y. enterocolitica.

INTRODUCTION

Microorganisms, individually and as a group, grow over a very wide range of temperatures. Therefore, it would be well to consider at this point the temperature growth ranges for organisms of importance in foods as an aid in selecting the proper temperature for the storage of different types of foods. Psychrotrophs are those organisms that grow well at or below 7°C and have their optimum between 20°C and 30° C.Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes and Yersinia enterocolitica were found among the psychrotrophic microorganisms, and their presence or contamination of food creates a great risk as they lead to food poisoning and /or spoilage of the food products (Jay, 2000). Ready to- eat meat and poultry products processed by drying, fermentation and /or smoking have become increasingly popular in recent times and they are becoming an important new class products found in supermarket. Unfortunately, these types of food possess some potential microbial safety problems (Bischoff, 1989). Refrigeration is often the main and frequently the only factor to control food-borne pathogens in these types of foods. Hence, temperature abuse of such foods can result in food borne illness. In addition, some psychrotrophic pathogens can grow in refrigerated foods with little or no obvious change of sensory characteristics (Berrang et al., 1989).

The Center for Disease Control (CDC, 1989) reported that at least one case of illness has resulted when a supposedly ready-to-eat food was not properly cooked before consumption; as most of ready-to eat foods receive little or no final heat treatment before being consumed because such foods are assumed to be and often labeled as fully cooked. Bacillus cereus were increasingly reported in food poisoning incidents. The B cereus can give rise to two distinct forms of food-borne disease,

62

Assiut Vet. Med. J. Vol. 52 No. 109 April 2006

the emetic and the diarrhoeal syndromes. The emetic syndrome believed to be associated with an emetic toxin performed in food while the diarrhoeal type is caused by an enterotoxin. The finding that a psychrotrophic isolate of B.cereus can produce emetic toxin is the first ever such observation and suggests the possibility that psychrotrophic isolate could grow in refrigerated fresh foods and cause emesis (Altayar and Sutherland, 2006). Listeria monocytogenes is psychrotrophic Gram positive food- borne pathogens, which has been involved in several outbreaks. It has also been isolated from various foods, including poultry, meat and seafood (Elsvan et al., 2004). L. monocytogenes has been strongly implicated particularly in the contamination of foods stored at low temperature, recent outbreaks of listeriosis were associated with consumption of precooked refrigerated chicken and turkey Franks stored at 4°C (Kerr et al., 1990). Yersinia enterocolitica usually dose not cause large outbreaks compared with other pathogens, this organism can grow at refrigerated temperature because of its psychrotrophic nature (Jiang et al., 2000). The incidence of human disease attributed to Y. enterocolitica is less than the other major microbial food-borne disease agents. Certain biological characteristics of Yersinia and human demographics and behaviours suggest that it is an emerging microbial threat (Funk et al., 1998).

The widespread occurrence and psychrotrophic nature of these bacteria could increase the risk as refrigerated ready-to-eat foods may serve as vehicles of food-borne illness. The aim of this study was to assess the presence of some psychrotrophic microorganisms in ready-to eat poultry and meat products. The health risks due to these pathogens for consumers were also assessed.

MATERIALS and METHODS

Collection of samples: -

A total of 100 beef and chicken products samples, 20 each of smoked chicken breast, pressed turkey breast, cooked smoked chicken roll, pressed beef and dry beef salami were purchased from supermarkets in Giza and Cairo Governorates. The collected samples were transferred in an icebox immediately to the laboratory

The samples were prepared according to the technique recommended by (ICMSF, 1978). The prepared samples were examined immediately for the presence of psychrotrophic bacteria.

Assiut Vet. Med. J. Vol. 52 No. 109 April 2006

Determination of psychrotrophic bacterial count:

Standard plate count agar was used as recommended by APHA (1992). The average number of colonies per gram was determined and psychrotrophic count/ g of samples was calculated and recorded. Enumeration and identification of B.cereus (ISO, 1987):

The spreading technique was applied on the surface of Bacillus cereus selective agar which incubated at 37°C for 24 hours, then the count was recorded. Colonies thought to be Bacillus cereus were identified by microscopical examination and biochemical reactions. Isolation and identification of L. monocytogenes (APHA, 1992):

By surface plating onto Modified Oxford Agar plates that were incubated at 37°C for 48 hours. Gram staining and biochemical tests were performed for colonies suspected to be L. monocytogenes. Isolation and identification of Yersinia enterocolitica (APHA, 1992):

Using Yersinia selective agar plates (Oxoid. CM 653) with Yersinia selective supplement. Plates were incubated at 25°C for 48 hours. Suspected colonies were subjected to Gram staining and biochemical examinations.

RESULTS

Table 1: Statistical analysis of psychrotrophic count in beef and chicken

products

Smoked Pressed Cooked Pressed Dry beef chicken turkey smoked beef salami

breast breast chicken roll Minimum < 10

< 10

< 102

10

<104 Maximum 6x103 3 x 1041 6.8 x103 2 x 104 1.4 x 104

Mean 3.2x10? 1.6 x10 3.6x102 2 x 103 2.6 x10 SE 3 x 10 1.2x10 3.3x 102 1.8 x10 10

Table 2: Statistical analysis of B. cereus count in beef and chicken

products

Smoked Pressed Cooked Pressed Dry beef chicken turkey smoked beef salami

breast breast chicken

roll Minimum

< 102 < 102

< 102 Maximum 2 x 102

3 x 103

3 x 102

4 x 10 Mean 2 x 10

1x 10

5 x 10

3 x 102

4 x 10 SE+ 2 x 104 x 102 3 x 10 2 x 1024 x 10

< 102

< 102

2 x 103

64

Assiut Vet. Med. J. Vol. 52 No. 109 April 2006

Table 3: Incidence of isolated psychrotrophic microorganisms in beef

and chicken products Products Smoked Pressed Cooked Pressed Dry beef

chicken turkey smoked beef salami

breast breast chicken Types of Isolates

No. 1 % No. % No. % No.1 % No. % B.cereus

1 1 1 5 1 2 1 10 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 10 1 1 15 L. monocytogenes | 15 | 15001 500 Y. enterocolitica 15 15 15 2 1000

roll

DISCUSSION

Microorganisms that have experienced environmental stresses such as heating, freezing and exposure to acids can become sub-lethally injured (Smith and Archer, 1988). In the injured state, bacteria become sensitive to agents to which they would otherwise show resistance, although injured cells lose disease-producing capacity, these bacteria can regain the capacity to multiply under favorable growth conditions (Jay, 1986). This may explain why the results in this study were low. As in Table (1), the psychrotrophic count in the examined products was less than that recorded by Yassein (1988), Sharma et al. (1996) and Ouf (2001).

The temperature attained during cooking or processing would be able to kill any vegetative pathogenic food-borne bacteria, but bacterial spores that survived cooking and any bacteria that contaminated the meat as a result of graving or subsequent handling could multiply after cooking or processing (Bryan et al., 1980). Hence, it is clear from the statistical analysis of Bacillus cereus count in the examined products as presented in Table (2) that the counts were mainly less than 10 C.F.U. except for pressed turkey breast and this may be due to post processing contamination by hands of workers or the cutting knives. Higher results were recorded by Bryan et al. (1988); El-Khateib et al. (1988) and Torky (1995).

It is evident from the Table (3) that the incidence of B. cereus in the all examined products was low, this may attributed to the heat treatment of the samples during processing while higher results were recorded by Nassif et al. (2002) and Fang et al. (2003). During thermal processing B. cereus spores may be killed, injured or uninjured and

65

Assiut Vet. Med. J. Vol. 52 No. 109 April 2006

spore resistance is often related to the heating medium composition. This agreed with Pendurkar and Kulkarni (1989).

L.monocytogenes has become a pathogen of concern for the food industry since documentation of its association with several serious outbreaks of food-borne illness and due to its ability to grow at refrigeration temperature as well as the serious illness that it can cause specially in immunocompromised individual (Yeu-Hsin and Donnelly, 1992). From Table (3) it is evident that the incidence of L.monocytogenes was low in three products and can not be isolated from cooked smoked chicken roll and dry beef salami. Nearly similar results were recorded by Brakat and Harris (1999) while higher results were shown by Steven et al. (2004). The incidence of Y. enterocolitica was higher in pressed beef than the others and can not be detected in the dry beef salami (Table, 3). Nearly similar results were recorded by Brakat and Harris (1999). Occasional post process contamination of cooked ready-to-eat food has been documented for L.monocytogenes and Y. enterocolitica (Toora et al., 1994 and Wang and Muriana, 1994). The results which obtained in this study may be as a result of post processing contamination of the examined samples from refrigerators or cutting knives used in the stores. In a research made in Ireland where swabs recovered from domestic refrigerators in household were analyzed, L.monocytogenes and Y.enterocolitica could be detected with an incidence of 6% and 2%, respectively (Kennedy et al., 2005). The consumers must be informed with some basic food safety knowledge to reduce the level of bacterial contamination in their refrigerators and so reduce the incidence of food associated illnesses. In this study the examined samples was ready-to-eat poultry and meat products either smoked, cooked or dried; so they were nearly clean and free from psychrotrophic bacteria except if they exposed to contamination during storage or marketing. In conclusion to improve the hygienic quality of the products to be safe for human consumption the following recommendations should be adopted: Application of strict hygienic measures during preparation, handling and serving the products; store the products carefully in clean refrigerators; avoid contact between raw food and cooked products; protect food from insects; use clean cutting knives and periodic medical examination of workers and they must have medical certificate.

66

Assiut Vet. Med. J. Vol. 52 No. 109 April 2006

REFERENCES

Altayar, M. and Sutherland, A.D. (2006): Bacillus cereus is common in

the environment but emetic toxin producing isolates are rare. J.

Appl. Microbiology, 100 (1): 7-14. APHA (1992): Compendium of Methods for the Microbiological

Examination of Foods. 3 Ed. Washington, D.C. USA. Brakat, A. and Harris, D. (1999): Growth of L.monocytogenes and

Yersinia enterocolitica on cooked modified-atmospher packaged poultry in presence and absence of a naturally

occurring microbiota. Appl.Environ. Microbiol. 65(1): 342-345. Berrang, M.E.; Brackett, R.E. and Beuchat, L.R. (1989): Growth of

Listeria monocytogenes on fresh vegetables stored under a

controlled atmosphere. J. Food Prot. (52): 702-705. Bischoff, J. (1989): Ready to eat roulette. Meat & Poultry (June) 20-22. Bryan, F.L.; Standley, S.R. and Henderson, W.C. (1980): Time

temperature conditions of Gyros. J. Food Prot. (43): 346-355. Bryan, F.L.; Michanie, S.C.; Alvares, P. and Paniangua, A. (1988):

Critical control point of street vendor food in the Dominican

Republic. J. Food Prot. 51 (5): 373-381. Center for Disease Control (CDC) (1989): Listeriosis associated with

consumption of turkey franks. Mobid. Mort. Weekly Rep. 38

(15): 267-268. El-Khateib, T.S. and Abd El-Rahman, H.; Hamdy, M. and Lotfy, A.

(1988): Poultry meat products in Egypt: Proximal chemical composition and microbiological quality. Fleschwirtschaft,

68(6): 756. Elsvan, C.; Hadewig, W.; Marc, H.; Lieve, H. and Nancy, R. (2004):

Prevalence and typing of Listeria monocytogenes in ready to eat food products on the Belgian market. J. Food Prot., 67 (11):

2480-2487. Fang, T.J.; Weigk, Liao, C.W.; Hung, M.J. and wang, T.H. (2003):

Microbiological quality of 18 degrees C ready to eat food products sold in Taiwan. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 15; 80(3): 241

250. Funk, J.A.; Fred, T.H.; Isaacson, R.E. and Flosser, C.P. (1998):

Prevalence of pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica in groups of swine at slaughter. J. Food Prot., (61): 677-682.

67

AssiutVet. Med. J. Vol. 52 No. 109 April 2006

ICMSF (International Commission on Microbiological Specification for

foods) (1978): Microorganisms in foods; their significance and methods of enumeration. 21 Ed. Univ. of Toronto Press.

Toronto, Buffalo, Canada. ISO (1987): Microbiology-General guidance for enumeration of

Bacillus cereus. ISO 7932. Geneva, Switzerland. Jay, J.M. (1986): Determining microorganisms and their products in

food” In Modern Food Microbiology”pp. 97-127. Van

Nostrand Reinhold, New York. Jay, J.M. (2000): Modern Food Microbiology. Sixth Ed. Gaithersburg,

Maryland. Jiang, G.C.; Hyunkang, D. and Fung, D.Y. (2000): Enrichment

procedures and plating media for isolation of Yersinia

enterocolitica. J. Food Prot., (63): 1483-1486. Kennedy, J.; Jackson, V.; Blair, I.S.; McDowell, D.A.; Cowan, C. and

Bolton, D.J. (2005): Food safety knowledge of consumers and the microbiological and temperature status of their

refrigerators. J. Food Prot. 68 (7): 1421-1430. Kerr, K.G.; Rotowa, N.A.; Hawkey, P.M. and Lacey, R.W. (1990):

Incidence of Listeria species in precooked chilled chicken products as determined by culture and enzyme linked

immunoassay (ELISA). J. Food Prot., (53): 606-607. Nassif, M.R.; Mira Enshrah, K. and Sebak Naglaa, H. (2002): Sanitary

evaluation of some ready-to-eat fast meals. J. Egyptian Vet.

Med. Ass. 62(1): 245-253. Ouf, Jehan, M. (2001): Microorganisms of sanitary importance in some

d their additives. Ph.D. Thesis, Fac. Vet. Med. Cairo University. Egypt. Pendurkar, S.H. and Kulkarni, P.R. (1989): Heat resistance of Bacillus

spores exposed to food processing conditions. Nahrung 34:177

180. Sharma, D.; Sharma, V.D. and Kumar, A. (1996): Microbial quality of

commercial pork products. Indian J. Animal Science, 66 (2):

211 Smith, J.L. and Archer, D.L. (1988): Heat induced injury in L.

monocytogenes. J. Food Microbiol., 3: 105-110. Steven, C.I.; Dennis, R.B.; Brendak, D. and Jill, A.L. (2004): Survival of

Listeria monocytogenes during storage of ready-to-eat meat products processed by drying, fermentation, and /or smoking. J. Food Prot. 67(2): 2698-2702.

Assiut Vet. Med. J. Vol. 52 No. 109 April 2006

Toora, S., Budu-amoako, E.; Ablett, R. and Smith, J. (1994): Isolation

of Yersinia enterocolitica from ready-to-eat foods by a simple

two step procedure. Food Microbiol. 11:369-374. Torky, Amal, A.S. (1995): Bacterial toxicological studies of Bacillus

cereus in meat products. M.V.Sc. Thesis. Fac. Vet. Med. Cairo

University. Wang, C. and Muriana, P.M. (1994): Incidence of Listeria

monocytogenes in packages of retail franks. J. Food Prot.57:

384-386. Yassein, N.A. (1988): Sanitary improvements of locally manufactured

meat products. Ph. D. Thesis, Fac. Vet. Med., Cairo University, Yeu-Hsin, D. and Donnelly, C.W. (1992): Modeling the effect of

temperature on the growth rate and lag time of L. innocua and L. monocytogenes. J.Food Prot. 56:1993.

Article View: 78

PDF Download: 116