MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF ENDANGERED SINAI THYME (THYMUS DECUSSATUS BENTH.) GROWING ON GEBEL MOUSA, SOUTH SINAI, EGYPT

[1] Perevolotsky A, Perevolotsky A, Noy-Meir
I. Environmental adaptation and economic change in a pastoral mountain society: the case of the jabaliyah Bedouin of the Mt. Sinai region. Mt. Res. Dev. 1989; 9(2):153–64.
[2] Hatab EE. Ecological studies on the Acacia species and ecosystem restoration in the Saint Katherine Protectorate, South Sinai, Egypt. Ph.D., Thesis, Fac. Sci., Al-Azhar Univ., Cairo, Egypt. 2009
[3] Omar KA. Ecological and climatic attribute analysis for Egyptian Hypericum sinaicum. Am. J. Life Sci. 2014; 2(6): 369–81.
[4] Jalas J. Notes on Thymus L. (Labiatae) in Europe. I. Supraspecific classification and nomenclature. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 1971; 64: 199-35.
[5] Stahl-Biskup E, Seaz F. Thyme. London, Taylor and Francis, 2002; 331- 35,
[6] Akcin AT.Numerical taxonomic studies on some species of the genus Thymus L. (Labiatae) in Turkey. Asian J. Plant Sci. 2006; 5(5): 782-88.
[7] Sunar S, Aksakal O, Yildirim N, Agar G, Gulluce M, Sahin F. Genetic diversity and relationships detected by FAME and RAPD analysis among Thymus species growing in eastern Anatolia region of Turkey. Rom. Biotechnol. Letters.2009; 14: 4313-318.
[8] Safaei-Ghomi J, Ebrahimabadi AH, Djafari-Bidgoli Z, Batooli H. GC/MS analysis and in vitro antioxidant activity of essential oil and methanol extracts of Thymus caramanicus Jalas and its main constituent carvacrol. Food. Chem. 2009; 115: 1524-528.
[9] Nickavar B, Mojab F, Dolat-Abadi R. Analysis of the essential oils of two Thymus species from Iran.Food Chem. 2005; 90: 609–11.
[10] Brown MB. BMDP statistical software. W. J. Dixon (Ed.). Univ. of California Press, 1983.
[11] Ayala FJ, Kiger JA. Modern Genetics. 2nd ed., Benjamin/Cumings: Menlo Park, CA, USA, 1984.
[12] Loveless MD, Hamrick JL. Ecological determinants of genetic structure in plant populations. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 1984; 15: 65–95.
[13] Sangwan RS, Sangwan NS, Jain DC, Kumar S, Ranade AS. RAPD profile based genetic characterization of chemotypic variants of Artemisia annua L. Biochem Mol Biol Int. 1999; 47: 935–44.
[14] Fracaro F, Echeverrigaray S. Genetic variability in Hesperozygis ringens Benth. (Lamiaceae), an endangered aromatic and medicinal plant of Southern Brazil. Biochem. Ge. Net. 2006; 44: 479-90.

[15] Liu J, Wang L, Geng Y, Wang Q, Luo L, Zhong Y. Genetic diversity and population structure of Lamiophlomis rotate (Lamiaceae), an endemic species of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Genetica. 2006; 128: 385-94.
[16] Youssef MA, Mahgoub HA. Phytochemical and olecular analysis of some medicinal plants of Labiatae family growing at different altitudes on Saint Katherine Mountain, South Sinai, Egypt. Egypt. J. Genet. Cytol. 2015; 44: 331-56.
[17] Hoyle M, James M. Global warming, human population pressure, and viability of the world's smallest butterfly. Conservation Biology. 2005; 19: 1113-24.
[18] James M. Metapopulations and the Sinai Baton Blue (Pseudophilotes sinaicus Nakamura): an introduction. Egyptian Journal of Biology. 2006a; 8: 7-16.
[19] Navarro T, Alados CL, Cabezudo B. Changes in plant functional types in response to goat and sheep grazing in two semi-arid shrublands of SE Spain. Journal of Arid Environments. 2006; 64: 298-22.
[20] Williams JG, Kubelk AR, Livak KJ, Rafalski JA, Tingey SV. DNA polymorphisms amplified by arbitrary primers are useful as genetic markers. Nucl. Acid Res. 1990; 18: 6231-35.
[21] Zietkiewicz E, Rafalski JA, Labuda D. Genome fingerprinting by simple sequence repeat (SSR)-anchored polymerase chain reaction amplification. Genomics. 1994; 20: 176–83.
[22] Becker J, Heun M. Barley microsatellites: allele variation and mapping. Plant Molecular Biology. 1995; 27: 835-45.
[23] Seehalak W, Tomooka N, Waranyuwat A, Thipyapong P, Laosuwan P, Kaga A, Vaughan DA. Genetic diversity of the Vignagermplasm from Thailand and neighbouring regions revealed by AFLP analysis. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution. 2006; 53(5): 1043-59.
[24] Chattopadhyay P, Nirmalya Banerjee N, Chaudhary B. Genetic characterization of selected medicinal Dendrobium (Orchidaceae) species using molecular markers. Research Journal of Biology. 2012; 2(4): 117-25.
[25] Meena B, Singh N, Mahar KS, Sharma YK, Rana TS. Molecular analysis of genetic diversity and population genetic structure in Ephedra foliata: an endemic and threatened plant species of arid and semi-arid regions of India. Physiol Mol Biol Plants. 2019; 25(3): 753–64.
[26] Yang S, Xue S, Kang W, Qian Z, Yi Z. Genetic diversity and population structure of Miscanthus lutarioriparius, an endemic plant of China. PLoS ONE. 2019; 14(2): e0211471.
[27] Ben El Hadj AI, Guetat A, Boussaid M. Inter-specific relationships among two Tunisian Thymus taxa: Thymus capitatus Hoffm. et Link. and Thymus algeriensis Boiss. et Reut. using molecular markers. African Journal of Biotechnology. 2012; 11(36): 8810-19.
[28] Solyman E, Alkowni R. RAPD for assessment of thymes genetic diversity in Palestine. Palestine Technical University Research Journal. 2014; 2(2): 01–08.
[29] Khoshsokhan F, Babalar M, Fatahi M, Poormeidani A. Assessment of genetic diversity of some wild populations of Thymus Kotschyanus using RAPD molecular markers. Cercetări Agronomice în Moldova. 2014; 3(159): 71–81.
[30] Yousefi Y, Najaphy A, Zebarjadi A, Safari H. Molecular characterization of Thymus species using ISSR markers. The Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences. 2015; 25(4): 1087–94.
[31] Rao VR, Hodgkin T. Genetic diversity and conservation and utilization of plant genetic resources. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture. 2002; 68: 1–19.
[32] Wang Q, Zhang B, Lu Q. Conserved region amplification polymorphism (CoRAP), a novel marker technique for plant genotyping in Salvia miltiorrhiza. Plant Mol. Biol. Rep. 2010; 27: 139–43.
[33] SKP MP. Saint Katherine protectorate management plan. Reference editioned. EGYPT: nature conservation sector- Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA). 2003.
[34] Jaccard P. Novel research on the floral distribution. Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sci. Nat. 1908; 44: 223-70.

[35] Sneath PH, Sokal RR. Numerical Taxonomy. W. H. Freeman, San Francisco, USA, 1973.
[36] Rohlf FJ. NTSYS-pc. Numerical Taxonomy and Multivariate Analysis Version 2.02. Exeter Software, Applied Biostatistics Inc., New York, 1998.
[37] Solouki M, Nazhad NR, Vignani R, Siahsar BA, Kamaladini H, Emamjomeh A. Polymorphism of some native sistan grapes assessed by long and short primers for RAPD markers. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences. 2007; 10(12): 1996-01.
[38] Trindade H, Costa MM, Lima SB, Pedro LG, Figueiredo AC, Barroso JG. A combined approach using RAPD, ISSR and volatile analysis for the characterization of Thymus caespititius from Flores, Corvo and Graciosa islands (Azores, Portugal). Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 2009; 37: 670-77.
[39] Bagherzadeh F. Genetic diversity assessment of thyme and evaluation of relationship using RAPD marker. MSc thesis, Iran: Ferdowsy University, 2009.
[40] Alamdary SB, Safarnejad A, Rezaee M. Evaluation of genetic variation between Thymus accessions using molecular markers. J. Basic. Appl. Sci. Res. 2011; 1(12): 2552-56.
[41] Pluhár Z, Kocsis M, Kuczmog A, Csete S, Simkó H, Sárosi S, Molnár P, Horváth G. Essential oil composition and preliminary molecular study of four Hungarian Thymus species. Acta Biologica Hungarica. 2012; 63(1): 81–96.
[42] Khalil R, Khalil R, Li Z. Determination of genetic variation and relationship in Thymus vulgaris populations in Syria by random RAPD markers. Plant Biosystems. 2012; 146(1): 217-25.
[43] Saboh M, Ameen T, Mahfoud H. Genetic diversity in some wild Thymus species distributed in Latakia (Syria) as detected by RAPD markers. Tishreen University Journal for Research and Scientific Studies - Biological Sciences Series. 2019; 14(3): 77-89.
[44] Rahimmalek M, Bahreininejad B, Khorrami M, Tabatabaei B. Genetic variability and geographic differentiation in Thymus daenensis subsp. daenensis, an endangered medicinal plant, as revealed by inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR). Markers. Biochemical Genetics. 2009; 47(11–12): 831–42.
[45] Zhang Y, Chen Y, Wang R, Zeng A, Deyhol MK, Shu J, Guo H. Development of microsatellite markers derived from expressed sequence tags of Polyporales for genetic diversity analysis of endangered Polyporus umbellatus. BioMed Research International. 2015; 2015: 11 pages.
[46] Liu XL, Qian ZG, Liu FH, Yang YW, Pu CX. Genetic diversity within and among populations of Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora (Scrophulariaceae) in China, an endangered medicinal plant. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 2011; 39(4–6): 297–01.
[47] Afiah S, Ibtisam H, Lamiaa Z. Molecular analysis of some endemic and near-endemic medicinal plants located at Saint Katherine, Egypt. IOSR Journal of Biotechnology and Biochemistry. 2017; 3(1): 5-13.
[48] Javan ZS, Rahmani F, Heidar R. Assessment of genetic variation of genus Salvia by RAPD and ISSR markers. Australian J Crop Science. 2012; 6(6): 1068-73.
[49] Patel HK, Fougat RS, Kumar S, Mistry JG, Kumar M. Detection of genetic variation in Ocimum species using RAPD and ISSR markers. 3 Biotech. 2016; 5(5): 697–07.
[50] Ajibade SR, Weeden NF, Chite SM. Inter simple sequence repeat analysis of genetic relationships in the genus Vigna. Euphytica. 2000; 111: 47–55.
[51] Karuppanapandian T, Wang HW, Karuppudurai T, Rajendhran J, Kwon M, Jang CS, Kim SH, Manoharan K, Kim W. Efficiency of RAPD and ISSR markers in assessing genetic diversity and relationships in black gram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper ) varieties. Can. J. Plant Sci. 2010; 90: 443-52.
[52] Catană R, Mitoi M, Ion R. The RAPD techniques used to assess the genetic diversity in Draba dorneri, a critically endangered plant species. Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology. 2013; 4: 164-69.
[53] Krishnamurthy G, Tiwari SK, Pandey A, Yadav SS. RAPD Markers for Genetic Diversity Assessment of Critically Endangered Medicinal Plant Commiphora wightii (Arn.) Bhandari. Int. J. Curr. Res. Biosci. Plant Biol. 2015; 2(8): 29-34.

[54] Chen FJ, Wang AL, Chen KM, Wan DS, Liu JQ. Genetic diversity and population structure of the endangered and medically important Rheum tanguticum (Polygonaceae) revealed by SSR markers. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 2009; 37: 613–21.

[55] Ge YQ, Qiu YX, Ding BY, Fu CX. An ISSR analysis on population genetic diversity of the relict plant Ginkgo biloba. Biodiv. Sci. 2003; 11: 276–87.
[56] Lei YD, Gao H, Tsering T, Shi SH, Zhong Y. Determination of genetic variation in Rhodiola crenulata from the Hengduan Mountains Region, China using inter-simple sequence repeats. Genet. Mol. Biol. 2006; 29: 339–44.
[57] Xiao M, Li Q, Wang L, Guo L, Li J, Tang L, Chen F. ISSR Analysis of the genetic diversity of the endangered species Sinopodophyllum hexandrum (Royle) Ying from western Sichuan Province, China. J. Integr. Plant Biol. 2007; 48: 1140–46.
[58] Babbel GR, Selander RK. Genetic variability in edaphically restricted and widespread plant species. Evolution. 1974; 28: 619–30.
[59] Van Valen L. Morphological variation and width of ecological niche. Am Nat. 1965; 99: 377–90.
[60] Cardoso MA, Provan J, Powell W, Ferreira PC, de Oliveira DE. High genetic differentiation among remnant populations of the endangered Caesalpinia echinata Lam. (Leguminoseae-Caesalpinioideae). Mol. Ecol. 1998; 7: 601–08.
[61] Delgado P, Piñero D, Chaos A, Pérez-Nasser N, Alvarez-Buylla ER. High population differentiation and genetic variation in the endangered Mexican pine Pinus rzedowskii (Pinaceae). Am. J. Bot. 1999; 86: 669–76.
[62] Ledig FT, Conkle MT, Bermejo-Velázquez B, Eguiluz-Piedra T, Hodgskiss PD, Johnson DR, Dvorak WS. Evidence for an extreme bottleneck in a rare Mexican pinyon: genetic diversity, disequilibrium, and the mating system in Pinus maximartinezii. Evolution. 1999; 53: 91–99.
[63] Martínez-Palacios A, Eguiarte LE, Furnier GR. Genetic diversity of the endangered endemic Agave victoriae-regineae (Agavaceae) in the Chihuahuan desert. Am. J. Bot. 1999; 86: 1093–98.
[64] Dolan RW, Yahr R, Menges ES, Halfhill MD. Conservation implications of genetic variation in three rare species endemic to Florida rosemary scrub. Am. J. Bot. 1999; 86: 1556–62.
[65] Evans ME, Dolan RW, Menges ES, Gordon DR. Genetic diversity and reproductive biology in Warea carteri (Brassicaceae), a narrowly endemic Florida scrub annual. Am. J. Bot. 2000; 87: 372–81.
[66] Hannan GL, Orick MW. Isozyme diversity in Iris cristata and the threatened glacial endemic I. lacustris (Iridaceae). Am. J. Bot. 2000; 87: 293–01.