تحرير سعر الصرف وأثره في آداء الديون والالتزامات المؤجلة دراسة فقهية مقارنة | ||||
مجلة قطاع الشريعة والقانون | ||||
Article 17, Volume 13, Issue 13, 2022, Page 1139-1241 PDF (2.72 MB) | ||||
Document Type: المقالة الأصلية | ||||
DOI: 10.21608/jssl.2022.229459 | ||||
View on SCiNiTO | ||||
Author | ||||
وليد البلتاجي السيد | ||||
قسم الفقه المقارن, کلية الشريعة والقانون بطنطا, جامعة الأزهر, طنطا, مصر | ||||
Abstract | ||||
يعالج هذا البحث ماهية قيام الدولة بتحرير سعر الصرف حالة الأزمات الاقتصادية التي تعيشها البلاد، وبيان الآثار الاقتصادية المترتبة على ذلک، وکذلک مدى أحقية الدولة في القيام بهذا الأمر، وبيان أن الفقه الإسلامي لا يمانع من تحرير سعر الصرف؛إذا دعت إلى ذلک ضرورة، وذلک من باب السياسة الشرعية، ومشروعية تقييد ولي الأمر للمباح إذا دعت إلى ذلک ضرورة؛ إذ المصلحة العامة للبلاد مقدمة على المصلحة الخاصة. وانتهى البحث إلى أنَّ تحرير سعر الصرف تسبب في انخفاض قيمة العملة، ممَّا أدى إلى مزيد من التضخم، وهو ما ترتب عليه السؤال عن کيفية الوفاء بالديون، والالتزامات المؤجلة بعد عملية التحرير، أو ما يعرف "بتعويم الجنيه"، وهل يکون أداء الديون بالمثل، أو بالقيمة؟، وتحدث البحث- کذلک- عن أحقية الدولة بعد مدة من التحرير، أو التعويم في الرجوع إلى نظام سعر الصرف الثابت بعد انتهاء الأزمات الاقتصادية، وأصبح هناک رخاءٌ اقتصاديُّ، فتقوم الدولة بتثبيت سعر الصرف بعد أن کان حرًّا طليقًا حسب آلية العرض والطلب، وثبت من خلال هذه الدراسة أن الفقه الإسلامي لا يمانع قيام الدولة بتثبيت سعر الصرف على المختار من أقوال الفقهاء . This research deals with the nature of the state’s liberalization of the exchange rate in the case of the economic crises that the country is experiencing, and the statement of the economic consequences of that, as well as the extent of the state’s eligibility to do this matter, and a statement that Islamic jurisprudence does not object to liberalizing the exchange rate, if necessary, and that From the point of view of Sharia policy, and the legality of the guardian’s restriction of what is permissible if this is necessary; The public interest of the country takes precedence over the private interest. The research concluded that the liberalization of the exchange rate caused the depreciation of the currency, which led to more inflation, which led to the question of how to pay off debts and deferred obligations after the liberalization process, or what is known as “floating the pound,” and whether the performance of debts is similar, Or in value?, and the research also talked about the state’s eligibility after a period of liberalization, or the float to return to the fixed exchange rate system after the end of economic crises, and there has become economic prosperity, so the state fixes the exchange rate after it was free and free according to the mechanism of supply and demand And it was proven through this study that Islamic jurisprudence does not object to the state fixing the exchange rate on the chosen ones from the sayings of the jurists. | ||||
Keywords | ||||
تحرير سعر الصرف، الديون، الالتزامات المؤجلة، التسعير، التضخم. : Exchange rate liberalization; Debt; Deferred obligations; Pricing; Inflation | ||||
References | ||||
أولا: القرآن الکريم. ثانيا: کتب التفسير وعلوم القرآن:
ثالثا: کتب الحديث وشروحه:
رابعا: کتب الفقه الإسلامي: (أ) الفقه الحنفي:
(ب) الفقه المالکي:
(ج) الفقه الشافعي:
(د) الفقه الحنبلي:
(هـ) کتب الفقه الظاهري: المحلى بالآثار، لأبي محمد علي بن أحمد بن حزم الظاهري(ت: 456هـ)، طبعة: دار الفکر-بيروت-. (و) کتب الفقه الزيدية:
(ل) کتب فقه الإمامية:
(ن) کتب فقه الإباضية:
خامسًا: کتب القواعد الفقهية وأصول الفقه:
سادسًا: مراجع اللغة العربية ومعاجم اللغة والغريب:
سابعًا: مراجع علم الاقتصاد:
ثامنًا: المراجع الحديثة:
r Index of sources and references First: the Holy Qur'an. Second: The books of interpretation and the sciences of the Qur’an: • 'anwar altanzil wa'asrar altaawili, li'abi saeid eabd allh bin eumar albaydawi (t:685hi), altabeat al'uwlaa, dar 'iihya' alturath alearbi-birutu-sinat1418h, tahqiqu: muhamad eabd alrahman almareashli. • albahr almuhit fi altafsiri, li'abi hayaan muhamad bin yusif bin hayana(t:745hi), tabeatun: dar alfikir-birut- sanata1420h, tahqiqu: sidqi muhamad jamil. • tafsir alquran aleazim (tafsir abn kathira), li'abi alfida' 'iismaeil bn eumar bn kathirin(t:774hi), altabeat althaaniatu, dar tiibati, sunati1420hi, tahqiqu: sami muhamad salamat. • jamie albayan fi tawil alqurani, li'abi jaefar muhamad bin jarir altabri(t:310h), altabeat al'uwlaa, muasasat alrisalati, sanatu1420h, tahqiqu: 'ahmad muhamad shakir. aljamie li'ahkam alquran almusamaa bitafsir alqurtubi, li'abi eabd allah muhamad bin 'ahmad alqurtabi(ti:671hi) , altabeat althaaniatu, dar alkutub almisriati-alqahirati-sanata1384h, tahqiqu: tahqiqu: 'ahmad albarduni, 'iibrahim 'atfish. • alkashaf ean haqayiq ghawamid altanzili, li'abi alqasim mahmud bin eamrw alzamakhshri(t:538h), altabeat althaalithati, dar alkutaab alearbi-birut- sanata1407h. Third: Hadith books and explanations: • albadr almunir fi takhrij al'ahadith waluathar alwaqieat fi alsharh alkabiri, liabn almulaqin siraj aldiyn bin 'ahmad alshaafiei(t:804hi), altabeat al'uwlaa, dar alhijrati-alriyad- sanata1425h, tahqiqu: mustafaa 'abu alghit, eabd allah sulayman. • altahbir li'iidah maeani altaysiri, li'abi 'iibrahim muhamad bin 'iismaeil alsaneani(ti:1182hi), altabeat al'uwlaa, maktabat alrishdi-alriyada-sanati1433h, tahqiqu: muhamad subhi hasan. • hashiat alsindii ealaa sunan abn majah, li'abi alhasan muhamad bin eabd alhadi alsindi(ti:1138h), tabeata: dar aljila-birut-. • khulasat albadr almuniri, li'abi hafs siraaj aldiyn bin almulaqan alshaafiei(t:804hi), altabeat al'uwlaa, maktabat alrishdi, sanatu1410h. • subul alsalami, limuhamad bn 'iismaeil alsaneani(ti:1182hi), tabeata: dar alhadithi. • sunan abn majah, li'abi eabd allh muhamad bin yazid alqazwini bin majihi(t:273hi), tabeata: dar 'iihya' alkutub alearabiati, tahqiqu: muhamad fuad eabd albaqi. • sunan 'abi dawud alsijistani(t:275h), alnaashir: almaktabat aleasriatu-sida- bayrut-. • sunan albayhaqi alkubraa, li'abi bakr 'ahmad bin alhusayn albayhaqi(t:458hi), altabeat althaalithati, dar alkutub aleilmiati-birut-, tahqiqu: muhamad eabd alqadir eataa, sanatu1424h. • sunan altirmidhi, li'abi eisaa muhamad bin eisaa altirmidhi(t:279h), altabeat althaaniatu, matbaeat mustafaa alhilbi-masr-, sanatan1395m, tahqiqu: 'ahmad muhamad shakiri, muhamad fuad eabd albaqi. • snan aldaariqatani, li'abi alhasan eali bin eumar aldaariqatani(t:385h), altabeat al'uwlaa, muasasat alrisalati-birut- sanatu1424h. • sharah alnawawiu ealaa sahih muslimin, li'abi zakaria muhyi aldiyn yuhyi bin sharaf alnuwawi(ta:676hi), altabeat althaaniatu, dar 'iihya' alturath alearbi-birut-, sanati1392h. • sharh sunan alnisayiyi almusamaa: "dhakhirat aleuqbaa fi sharh almujtabaa", limuhamad bin eali bin adam alwllawy, altabeat al'uwlaa, dar al brum, sanatu2003m. • shih albukhari, limuhamad bin 'iismaeil albukharii, altabeat al'uwlaa, dar tawq alnajati, sunatun1422ha, tahqiqu: muhamad zuhayr alnaasir. • shih muslimin, li'abi alhasan muslim bin alhajaaj alniysaburi(t:261hi), tabeata: dar 'iihya' alturath alearbi-birut-, tahqiqu: muhamad fuad eabd albaqi. • eun almaebud sharh sunan 'abi dawud wamaeah hashit aibn alqiami, limuhamad 'ashraf bin 'amir bin ealiin bin haydar aleazim abadi(t:1329h), altabeat althaaniatu, dar alkutub aleilmiati-birutu-sinat1415h. • marqat almafatih sharh mishkat almasabihi, li'abi alhasan eali bin sultan alqari(ti:1014hi), altabeat al'uwlaa, dar alfikir-birut- sanati1422h. • alimustadrak ealaa alsahihayni, li'abi eabd allah alhakim muhamad bin eabd allah alnaysaburi(t:405h), altabeat al'uwlaa, dar alkutub aleilmiati-birutu-sinat1411h, tahqiqu: mustafaa eabd alqadir eata. • msnid al'iimam 'ahmad bin hanbli(t:241hi), altabeat al'uwlaa, muasasat alrisalati, sanatu1421h, tahqiqu: shueayb al'aznawuwta, eadil murshid. • maealim alsunan wahu sharh sunan 'abi dawud, li'abi sulayman hamd bin muhamad alkhatabi(t:388hi), altabeat al'uwlaa, almatbaeat aleilmiati-halaba- sanata1351h. • muata malik bin 'ans, tabeatan: dar 'iihya' alturath alearbi-birutu-sinata1406h, tahqiqu: muhamad fuad eabd albaqi. • nil al'awtar, limuhamad bin eabd allh bin muhamad alshuwkani(ti:1250hi), altabeat al'uwlaa, dar alhadithi, sanatun1413hi, tahqiqu: eisam aldiyn alsabayti. Fourth: Islamic jurisprudence books: (a) Hanafi School: • aliakhtiar litaelil almukhtari, li'abi alfadl eabd allh bin mahmud almusili(t:683hi), tabeatun: matbaeat alhilbi-alqahrati- sanati1356h. • albahr alraayiq sharh kanz aldaqayiqi, lizayn aldiyn bin 'iibrahim bin muhamadi/ almaeruf biabn najim almisri(t:970hi), altabeat althaaniati: dar alkitaab al'iislamii. • badayie alsanayie fi tartib alsharayiei, li'abi bikr eala' aldiyn bin maseud alkasanii (t:587hi), altabeat althaaniatu, dar alkutub aleilmiati-sinati1406h. • albinayat sharh alhidayati, li'abi muhamad mahmud bin 'ahmad badr aldiyn aleayni(t:855hi), altabeat al'uwlaa, dar alkutub aleilmiati-birutu-sinat1420h. • tabiiyn alhaqayiq sharh kanz aldaq, lifakhr aldiyn euthman bin eali alziylei (t:743h), altabeat al'uwlaa, almatbaeat al'amiriati-alqahrat-sanata1313h. • rad almuhtar ealaa aldiri almukhtari, limuhamad 'amin bin eumra, almaeruf biabn eabdin(ta:1252hi), altabeat althaaniatu, dar alfikr-birut-, sanati1412h. • aleinayat sharh alhidayati, lijamal aldiyn muhamad bin muhamad albarti(ti:786hi), tabeatun: dar alfikri. • almabsut , lishams al'ayimat muhamad bin 'ahmad alsarakhsi(ti:483h), tabeatun: dar almaerifati-birut-, sanati1414hi, (bdun sanat tabea). • majmae al'anhur fi sharh multaqaa al'ubhar, lieabd alrahman bin muhamad bin sulayman, almaeruf bishaykhay zadihi(t:1078h), tabeata: dar 'iihya' alturath alearabii. • alhidayat fi sharh bidayat almubtadi, li'abi alhasan burhan aldiyn ealii bin 'abi bakr (t:593h), tabeatun: dar 'iihya' alturath alearbi-birut-, tahqiqu: talal yusif. (b) Maliki School: • aliastidhkari, li'abi eumar yusif bin eabd allh bin yusuf alqurtabi(ti:463hi), altabeat al'uwlaa, dar alkutub aleilmiati-birut- sanatun1421ha, tahqiqu: salim muhamad eataa, muhamad eali mueawad. • altaaj wal'iiklil limukhtasar khalil, li'abi eabd allh muhamad bin yusuf bn almuaqa(t:897hi), altabeat al'uwlaa, dar alkutub aleilmiati, sanati1416hi. • aljamie limasayil almudawanati, li'abi bakr muhamad bin eabd allah altamimii alsaqli(t:451hi), altabeat al'uwlaa, maehad albuhuth aleilmiat wa'iihya' alturath al'iislami-jamieat 'umi alquraa-, sanati1434h. • hashiat alruhunii ealaa sharh alzarqani, altabeat al'uwlaa, almatbaeat al'amiriatu-masir-, sanati1306h. • hashiat aleadawii ealaa kifayat altaalib alrabaani, li'abi alhasan ealii bin 'ahmad alsaeidii aleadwi(t:1189h), tabeatun: dar alfikri-birut- sanata1414h, tahqiqu: yusif muhamad albiqaei. • sharh altalqini, li'abi eabd allh muhamad bin ealii almazrii almalki(t:536hi), altabeat al'uwlaa, dar algharb al'iislamii, sunatan2008m, tahqiqa: alshaykhi/muhamad almukhtar alsllamy. • sharh mukhtasar khalil lilkhirshi, li'abi eabd allh muhamad bin eabd allah alkharshii almaliki(ti:1101hi), tabeata: dar alfikr-birut-(bdun sanat tabe watarikhin). • alfawakih aldawaniu ealaa risalat bin 'abi zayd alqayrawani, lishihab aldiyn 'ahmad bin ghanim alnafrawi(ta:1126hi), tabeatun: dar alfikri, sanati1415h. • almaeunat ealaa madhhab ealam almadinati, li'abi muhamad eabd alwahaab bin nasr albaghdadii(t:422h), almatbaeat altijariati-mkat almukaramati-, tahqiqu: hamish eabd alhaq. • mawahib aljalil fi sharh mukhtasar khalil, li'abi eabd allah shams aldiyn muhamad bin eabd alrahman almaghribi, almaeruf balhttab alrrueyny almaliki(t:954hi), altabeat althaaniatu, dar alfikri, sanata1412h (c) Shafi’i School: • alibayan fi madhhab al'iimam alshaafieii, li'abi alhusayn yuhyi bin 'abi alkhayr aleumrani(t:558hi), altabeat al'uwlaa, dar alminhaja-jdata-sanati1421h, tahqiqu: qasim muhamad alnawwi. • altahdhib fi fiqh al'iimam alshaafieii, li'abi muhamad alhusayn bin maseud bin alfaraa' albaghawii alshaafiei(t:516hi), altabeat al'uwlaa, dar alkutub aleilmiati, sunati1418hi, tahqiqu: eadil eabd almawjudi, eali muhamad mueawad. • kifayat alnabih sharh altanbihi, li'ahmad bin muhamad al'ansari, almaeruf biabn alrafeati(ti:710hi), altabeat al'uwlaa, dar alkutub aleilmiati, sunatun2009m, tahqiqu: majdi surur baslum. • almajmue sharh almhdhdhb, li'abi zakaria muhyi aldiyn bin sharaf alnawawi(ta:676hi), tabeatun: dar alfikri. • mighni almuhtaj 'iilaa maerifat maeani 'alfaz alminhaji, lishams aldiyn muhamad bin 'ahmad alkhatib alshirbini(t977hi), altabeat al'uwlaa dar alkutub aleilmiati, sanati1415h. • alnajm alwahaj fi sharh alminhaji, li'abi albaqa' kamal aldiyn muhamad bin musaa alddamyry(t:808h), altabeat al'uwlaa, dar alminhaja-jdata-sanati1425h. • nihayat almuhtaj 'iilaa sharh alminhaji, lishams aldiyn muhamad bin 'abi aleabaas bin shihab aldiyn alrimli(ta:1004hi), tabeatun: dar alfikri, bayrut, sanati1404h. • nihayat almattlab fi dirayat almadhhaba, li'iimam alharamayn eabd almalik bin eabd allh bin muhamad aljuayni(t:478hi), altabeat al'uwlaa, dar alminhaji, sanatin1428h, tahqiqu: 'a.du/eabd aleazim mahmud aldiyb. (D) Hanbali Fiqh: • al'iinsaf fi maerifat alraajih min alkhilafi, li'abi alhasan eala' aldiyn bin sulayman almardawii alhanbali(t:885hi), altabeat althaaniatu-dar 'iihya' alturath alearabii. • daqayiq 'uwli alnahaa lisharh almuntahaa, almaeruf bisharh muntahaa al'iiradat, limansur bin yunis bin 'iidris albuhutii (t:1051h), altabeat al'uwlaa, tabeatu: ealam alkutab, sanati1414h. • alturuq alhikmiatu, limuhamad abn 'abi bakr bn qiam aljawziati(ti:751hi), tabeatun: maktabat dar albayani. • kshaf alqinae ean matn al'iiqnaei, limansur bin yunis albuhuti(ti:1051hi), tabeatun: dar alkutub aleilmiati, (bidun sanat tabaei). • almubdie fi sharh almuqaniea, li'abi 'iishaq 'iibrahim bin muhamad bin muflaha(ta:884hi), altabeat al'uwlaa, dar alkutub aleilmiati, bayrut, sanatu1418h. • majmue alfatawaa liabn taymiati(t:728h), tabeatu: majmae almalik fihda-almadinat almunawarati-sanatun1416hi, tahqiqu: eabd alrahman muhamad qasim. • matalib 'uwli alnahaa fi sharh ghayat almuntahaa, limustafaa bin saed alruhaybani(t:1243h), altabeat althaaniati, almaktab al'iislamii, sunati1415h. • almughaniy liabn qadamata, li'abi muhamad muafaq aldiyn eabd allh bin 'ahmad bin qudamat almaqdisi(ti:620hi), tabeatun: maktabat alqahirati, sanati1388h (E) Books of alzaahiri: jurisprudence: Al-Muhalla Athar, by Abu Muhammad Ali bin Ahmed bin Hazm Al-Dhahiri (T.: 456 AH), Edition: Dar Al- (f) Zaydi Fiqh Books: • albahr alzukhar aljamie limadhahib eulama' al'amsari, li'ahmad bin yuhyi almurtadaa(ti:840ha), altabeat al'uwlaa, dar alhikmat alyamaniati-saniea'a-, sanata1366h. • alsil aljaraar almtdffq ealaa hadayiq al'azhari, limuhamad bin eabd allah alshuwkanii alyamni(t:1250hi) , altabeat al'uwlaa dar abn hazm. (l) Imami fiqh books almabsut fi fiqh al'iimamiati, li'abi jaefar muhamad altuwsi(ti:460h), ta. dar alkitaab al'iislami-birut. (n) Ibadi jurisprudence books: sharah alniyl washifa' alealil, limuhamad bin yusif bn 'atfish, tabeata: maktabat al'iirshadi, ( bidun sanat tabaea). Fifth: The books of jurisprudence and the principles of jurisprudence: • al'ashbah walnazayiri, lijalal aldiyn eabd alrahman bin 'abi bakr alsayuti(ti:911hi), altabeat al'uwlaa, dar alkutub aleilmiati, sanati1411hi. • al'ashbah walnazayira, lizayn aldiyn bin 'iibrahim bin muhamadi, almaeruf biabn najima(t:970hi), altabeat al'uwlaa, dar alkutub aleilmiati-birutu-sinata1419hi, tahqiqu: alshaykhi/zikaria eumayrat. • taysir ealm 'usul alfiqah, lieabd allh bin yusuf aleazi, altabeat al'uwlaa, muasasat alrayan-birutu-sinat1418h. • alqawaeid alfiqhiat watatbiqatuha fi almadhahib al'arbaeati, du/muhamad mustafaa alzuhayli, altabeat al'uwlaa, dar alfikri-dimishqa-sinat1427h. • almanthur fi alqawaeid alfiqhiati, li'abi eabd allah badr aldiyn muhamad bin bhadir alzarkashii (t:794h), altabeat althaaniatu, wizarat al'awqaf alkuaytiati, sanati1405h. Sixth: Arabic language references, language dictionaries and the stranger: • taj alearus min jawahir alqamusa, li'abi alfayd muhamad bin muhamad almlqqb bimurtadaa alzubidi(ti:1205hi), tabeata: dar alhidayati. • takmilat almaeajim alearabiati, talifu: rinhart bitir an duzi(t:1300h), tarjamah waealaq ealayhi: muhamad salim alnueaymi, ta1wizarat althaqafat wal'iielama-alearaqa-sanata1979h. • lisan alearabi, li'abi alfadl muhamad bin makram bin ealiin bin manzur al'iifriqi(ti:711hi), altabeat althaalithata, dar sadr-birut-sinat1414h • almuhkam walmuhit al'aezamu, li'abi alhasan ealii bin 'iismaeil bin sayidat almarsi(ta:458hi), altabeat al'uwlaa, dar alkutub aleilmiati-birutu-sinata1421hi, tahqiqu: eabd alhamid handawi. • mukhtar alsahahi, li'abi eabd allah zayn aldiyn muhamad bin 'abi bakr alraazi alhanafii(t:666h), altabeat alkhamisatu, almaktabat aleasriati-birutu-sinat1420h, tahqiqu: yusif muhamad. • almisbah almunir fi gharayb alsharh alkabiri, li'abi aleabaas 'ahmad bin mhmmad alfiumi(t:770hi), tabeatu: almaktabat aleilmiati-birut-. • muejam allughat alearabiat almueasirati, da/'ahmad mukhtar eamra(t:1424hi), altabeat al'uwlaa, ealam alkatab, sanatun1429h. • almuejam alwasiti, talifu: majmae allughat alearabiati-alqahirati-, ta. dar aldaewati. • almaghrib fi tartib almuerb, li'abi alfath nasir bin eabd alsayid burhan aldiyn alkhawarizmii (t:610h), tabeatun: dar alkitaab alearabii, (bidun sanat tabaein). Seventh: Economics references: • The Effects of Inflation on Contractual Relations in Islamic Banks and the Legitimate Means of Protection, Dr. Rafiq Younis Al-Masry, 2nd Edition, Dar Al-Maktabi - Syria - 2009 AD. • Effects of changes in the value of money and how to treat it in the Islamic economy, p.: Dr. Musa Adam Issa, 1st Edition, Department of Islamic Studies and Research - Jeddah - year 1414 AH. • The impact of liberalizing the exchange rate of the Egyptian currency on some indicators of the Egyptian economy, Dr. Mansour Ali Shata, Journal of Contemporary Egypt, The Egyptian Association for Political Economy, Statistics and Legislation, Volume (110) Issue (534), year 2009 AD. • The impact of the exchange rate change on local prices, Dr. Abdelhak Bouatrous, Journal of Economy and Society, University of Monti-Constantine-Algeria, third issue, year 2005 AD. • The impact of the exchange rate change on the balance of payments in Algeria, by researcher / Jamal Mosaedia, to obtain a doctorate degree in economic sciences, University of May 8 - Algeria - year 2019 AD. • The impact of the exchange rate policy on the balance of international balance of payments in developing countries, Dr. Hisham Mustafa El-Gamal, Journal of the Faculty of Law - Tanta University-, Issue 77, 2016. • Exchange rate crises, a comparative study between Egypt, Turkey and Venezuela, Faculty of Commerce - Ain Shams University - The Scientific Journal of Economics and Trade, Dr. Salman Mohamed Ibrahim, second issue in 2019. • Currency exchange rates: an awareness bulletin issued by the Institute of Banking Studies - Kuwait - July 2011, No. 12. • The most important determinants of the exchange rate in Sudan, by researcher / Mohamed Ibrahim Safi, research submitted to obtain a doctoral degree, Sudan University of Science and Technology, College of Graduate Studies, year 2018. • The impact of exchange rate change on exports and imports in Egypt, by researcher/ Maher Hassan Mohamed, completing his master's degree in economics from the Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences - Gaza - in the year 2018. • The History of Egypt with Flotation, Muhammad Yousry Bakheet, Journal of Economics and Accounting, Issue 663, 2016 AD. • Devaluation of the exchange rate and its impact on the Egyptian trade balance, Dr. Maryam Abdel Wahed Kishk, The Scientific Journal of the Faculties of Commerce Sector - Al-Azhar University - Issue Seventeen - January: 2017. • Inflation and its Social Effects, Dr. Gamal Mohamed Hammad, Yearbook of the Faculty of Arts - Ain Shams University, Volume 42, 2014. • Defining the exchange rate, its types and the factors affecting it, authored by: Prof. Dr. Yahya Muhammad Abu Talib, Egyptian Tax Association, Volume No. (29), Issue (116), year 2019 AD. • Floating exchange rates - an analytical study in the light of the modern experience of the international monetary system, by researcher / Atef Hassan Al-Naqly, PhD thesis - Faculty of Law - Ain Shams University, 1983 AD. • The change in the exchange rate and its impact on the overall economic balance, by researcher / Nadia Mansouri, to complete the requirements for the "Master's" degree in economic sciences, University of May 8 - Guelma - Faculty of Economic Sciences - Algeria - in the year 2015. • Evaluating the effectiveness of monetary policy in achieving the stability of the exchange rate in Egypt during the period (1990-2017), Dr. Manal Jaber Morsi, The Scientific Journal of Economics and Trade, 2017. • The role of the exchange rate in achieving economic stability in Syria, a thesis submitted to obtain the degree of specialization "Master's" in the Department of Financial and Monetary Economics, Damascus University, Faculty of Economics, by researcher Raqi Badi' Habib, year 2015. • The exchange rate between theory and practice, Dr. Ibrahim Muhammad Al-Far, Dar Al-Nahda Al-Arabiya, Cairo, 1992. • Exchange rate and currency devaluation and floating, Prof. Dr. Abdel Muttalib Abdel Hamid, 1st Edition, New University House - Alexandria, year 2016. • Exchange Rate and Purchasing Power Parity, Dr. Saidi Zuhair, Journal of Economic and Financial Research, Volume IV, Number Two, Year 2017. • Exchange Rate Policies, Dr. Belqas Al-Abbas, Periodic Series on Development Issues in the Arab Countries, Issue Twenty-Third - Year 2003 AD. • Foreign exchange policy and its relationship to monetary policy, written by: Lahlou Musa Bukhari, 1st edition, Hassan Al-Asriya Library - Beirut - in 2010 AD. • Measuring the impact of the liberalization of the exchange rate in the Egyptian tourism sector, Dr. Iman Mohamed Maghawry, Dr. Tamer Hamdi Ayyad, Dr. Suad Omran Mansour, Journal of the Union of Arab Universities for Tourism and Hospitality, Faculty of Tourism and Hotels - Suez Canal University - Volume No. (15) , year 2018. • Exchange Rate Risks, Ismail Ibrahim Muhammad, Journal of Finance and Economics, Issue No. (61), Faisal Islamic Bank of Sudan, 2009 AD. • Money and Banks, Dr. Muhammad Ahmad Al-Affendi, 1st Edition, Dar Al-Kitab Al-Jami - Sana'a - 2009 AD. Eighth: Recent References: • The effect of changing the value of money on rights and obligations, Dr. Ali Al-Salous, within the research of the Journal of the Islamic Fiqh Academy, year 1409AD, No. 5. • Provisions of banknotes and the change in the value of the currency and linking it to the price list, Dr. Muhammad Taqi Al-Othmani, in the research of the book: Contemporary Jurisprudential Issues, Edition: Ministry of Endowments and Islamic Affairs - Qatar - Year 1434 AH. • The provisions of paper money in Islamic jurisprudence, Dr. / Muhammad Abdul Latif Al-Farfour, within the research of the Journal of the Islamic Fiqh Academy, Issue Five, Part Three. • Decline in the value of paper currency due to monetary inflation and its impact on previous debts, Dr. Mustafa Ahmed Al-Zarqa, research published in the Journal of the Islamic Fiqh Academy, ninth session, issue ninth, part two, year 1417 AH. • The fluctuation of the value of paper money and its impact on rights and obligations in the light of the rules of Islamic jurisprudence, Dr. Ali Mohi Al-Din Al-Qardaghi, within the research of the Journal of the Islamic Fiqh Academy, 1417 A.H., Fifth Issue, Part Three. • Change in the value of the currency and related provisions in Islamic jurisprudence, Sheikh / Muhammad Abdo Omar, within the research of the Journal of the Islamic Fiqh Academy, Issue Five, Part Three, Year 1409 AH. • Change in the value of the currency, Prof. Dr. Youssef Mahmoud Qassem, within the research of the Journal of the Islamic Fiqh Academy, Issue Five, Part Three. • Linking debts and future obligations with the cost of living index, in the book: Contemporary Fiqh Issues in Money and the Economy, Prof. Dr. Nazih Hammad, first edition, Dar Al-Qalam - Damascus - year 1421 AH • The Authority of the Ruler in Restricting the Permissible, Dr. Hisham Tehtah, Publisher: Association for Research in Purposeful Thought, No. 2, 2016 AD. • The authority of the guardian to restrict political freedoms for the public interest, Dr. Muhammad Helmy Ibrahim Al-Hefnawi, Al-Daraya Journal - College of Islamic and Arabic Studies for Boys in Desouk - Volume (18), Issue (18), Part Three, 2018 AD. • The authority of the guardian to restrict the permissible and raise the dispute from the point of view of Islamic jurisprudence, Dr. Hisham Yousry Muhammad Al-Arabi, Al-Mudawwana Magazine, Fourth Year, Issue (16), Year 2018 AD. • Sharia Politics in Constitutional, Foreign and Financial Affairs, Sheikh / Abdul Wahhab Khallaf, Edition: Dar Al-Qalam, Year 1408 AH. • Money stagnation and interruption between jurisprudence and economics, Dr. Munther al-Qahf, within the Journal of the Islamic Fiqh Academy, issue ninth, part two. • Permissibility and the Right to Restrict it from the Imam - An Applied Fundamental Study -, Dr. Wafaa Abdel Aziz Ahmed Abdel Aziz, Journal of the College of Sharia and Law in Tafhna Al-Ashraf, Volume No. (22), Second Issue, year 2020 AD. • The position of Islamic Sharia regarding linking deferred rights and obligations to the level of prices, by His Eminence Sheikh Abdullah Suleiman Al-Manea, within the research of the Journal of the Islamic Fiqh Academy, Issue Five, Part Three. • Money and currency fluctuation, Dr. Muhammad Suleiman Al-Ashqar, within the research of the Journal of the Islamic Fiqh Academy, Issue Five, Part Three. | ||||
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