المسؤولية المدنية عن الالتزام بتصنيف العمارة الخضراء في عقد المقاولة
منصور, . (2022). المسؤولية المدنية عن الالتزام بتصنيف العمارة الخضراء في عقد المقاولة. EKB Journal Management System, 13(13), 1699-1748. doi: 10.21608/jssl.2022.229466
احمد حمزة منصور. "المسؤولية المدنية عن الالتزام بتصنيف العمارة الخضراء في عقد المقاولة". EKB Journal Management System, 13, 13, 2022, 1699-1748. doi: 10.21608/jssl.2022.229466
منصور, . (2022). 'المسؤولية المدنية عن الالتزام بتصنيف العمارة الخضراء في عقد المقاولة', EKB Journal Management System, 13(13), pp. 1699-1748. doi: 10.21608/jssl.2022.229466
منصور, . المسؤولية المدنية عن الالتزام بتصنيف العمارة الخضراء في عقد المقاولة. EKB Journal Management System, 2022; 13(13): 1699-1748. doi: 10.21608/jssl.2022.229466

المسؤولية المدنية عن الالتزام بتصنيف العمارة الخضراء في عقد المقاولة

مجلة قطاع الشريعة والقانون
Article 23, Volume 13, Issue 13, 2022, Page 1699-1748  XML PDF (2.17 MB)
Document Type: المقالة الأصلية
DOI: 10.21608/jssl.2022.229466
View on SCiNiTO View on SCiNiTO
Author
احمد حمزة منصور
قسم القانون الخاص (مدني)،کلية الشريعة والقانون، جامعة الأزهر ـ القاهرة، مصر
Abstract
يتناول هذا البحث المسئولية المدنية عن الالتزام بمعايير الأبنية الخضراء في عقد المقاولة من خلال المصمم أو المقاول؛ وذلک من خلال دراسة تحليلية في القانون المدني المصري وتصنيف نظام لييد الأمريکى، للوقوف على طبيعة هذا الالتزام، وأسباب الانتهاکات العقدية المتعلقة بذلک العقد. وقد استهدف البحث معالجة أهم الإشکاليات التي تثيرها العمارة الخضراء، وبوسائل تتفق وطبيعة التعاقد، وذلک من خلال أربعة مباحث؛ الأول: في تعريف المباني الخضراء. وتناولنا خلاله الحديث عن مفهوم الأبنية الخضراء، ثم نبذة عن أبرز المؤسسات الاعتمادية للمنشآت الخضراء، ثم بعض النماذج الحاصلة على تصنيف لييد في مصر. والثاني: في الالتزامات المتعلقة بالأبنية الخضراء، وبينا من خلاله نوعية الالتزامات الملقاة على عاتق کلٍ من المصمم والمقاول ورب العمل. والثالث : فى بعض الانتهاکات العقدية المتعلقة بالبناء الأخضر. أما المبحث الرابع: فقد خصصناه للحديث عن الوسائل العلاجية للحد من الإشکاليات العقدية في الأبنية الخضراء. وقد انتهى البحث إلى جملة من النتائج والتوصيات حول موضوعه، وأهمها حول ضرورة الاتفاق بين جميع الأطراف فيما يتعلق بتحديد المصطلحات الفنية المتعلقة بالأبنية الخضراء، وتحديد الطرف المسئول عن التنفيذ، وطرق التعويض في حالة عدم تنفيذ الالتزام - بما يحقق فعالية أکثر لبناء المنشأت الخضراء بمنأى عن غموض الالتزامات في ذمة الأطراف، وبما يتسق مع القواعد العامة للمسؤولية المدنية في القانون المدني.
This research deals with the civil responsibility for complying with green building standards in construction contracts through the designer or contractor. This study is done using an analytical study in Egyptian civil law and the classification of the American LEED system, to determine the nature of this obligation, and the causes of contractual violations related to that contract. The research aimed to address the most important problems raised by green building, and by means consistent with the nature of the contract, through four sections. The first section defines green buildings. In this part, we talked about the concept of green buildings, then gave an overview of the most prominent institutions for accrediting green facilities, and then some examples of green facilities rated by the LEED system in Egypt. The second section examines obligations related to green buildings, and we have clarified the quality of the obligations placed on the shoulders of the designer, the contractor and owners. The fourth section examines legal solutions to reduce the problems associated with green buildings. The research concluded with a number of recommendations on its subject, the most important recommendation is that all parties involved in green building construction have to define the technical terms related to green buildings and determine the party responsible for implementation, and ways of compensation in the event of non-implementation of the commitment - in order to achieve more effectiveness for building green facilities.
Keywords
العمارة الخضراء، المسؤولية المدنية، الاتفاق، التعويض، تصنيف لييد. : Green Buildings; Contractual disputes; Agreement; Compensation; LEED Classification
References

القوانين

  • قانون رقم 131 لسنة 1948 بإصدار القانون المدني 
  • لائحة تنظيم ممارسة المهنة للمهندس المعماري المعتمدة من الجمعية العمومية لشعبة الهندسة المعمارية في يناير عام 1977 وقد تم التصديق عليها من الجمعية العمومية لنقابة المهندسين المصرية في 18 / 3 / 1977.

أحکام القضاء

  • محکمة النقض المصرية، الطعن رقم ٦٩٢٨ لسنة ٨١ قضائية، الدوائر المدنية - جلسة ٢٠١٨/١١/٠٥ م
  • الطعن رقم 443 لسنة 51 قضائية، جلسة 12 من يونيه سنة 1989 م / أحکام النقض - المکتب الفني - مدني الجزء الثاني - السنة 40 -
  • محکمة النقض المصرية، الطعن رقم ٤٦٩٦ لسنة ٨٧ قضائية الدوائر التجارية - جلسة م ٢٠١٨/٠٢/
  • محکمة النقض المصرية، الطعن رقم ١١١٠١ لسنة ٧٧ قضائية، الدوائر المدنية - جلسة ٢٠٠٩/٠١/١٣ م، مکتب فني (سنة ٦٠ - قاعدة ٢٣).
  • محکمة النقض في الطعن المقيد برقم 241 لسنة 40 قضائية جلسة 21 مايو 1975
    • Southern Builders v. Shaw Development No. 19-C-07-11405, (Somerset Co. Cir. Ct., filed Feb 7, 2007). 

الکتب والملفات

  • محمد عزمي البکر، موسوعة الفقه والقضاء والتشريع في القانون المدني الجديد - المجلد السابع، دار محمود للنشر والتوزيع

المواقع

  • الشيماء محمد عبد اللطيف الدميرى،التوجهات العالمية لنظم تقييم العمارة الخضراء BREEAM وتطبيقها على الحالة المصرية (دراسة حالة التجمع الخامس - القاهرة الجديدة)،
https://jur.journals.ekb.eg/article_91916_4e79427ffbc5f2b1a75f25425dd35620.pdf

  • المبانى الخضراء، دليل بلدية مدينة الشارقة
https://portal.shjmun.gov.ae/ar/Education/Lists/MagazineGallaryList/المباني الخضراء.pdf last accessed 2021

  • تصنيف شهادات اللييد للمباني الخضراء  استخدامات بيم في العمارة الخضراء، عمر سليم،
 https://www.cpas-egypt.com/pdf/Omar_Slem/Book/Green_BIM.pdf last accessed 2021.

المراجع باللغة الإنجليزية

Journal articles:

  • Ibrahim Abdel Rashid, Mohamed El-Mikawi, and Hossam El-Din Mohamed Baha. "Factors affecting the calculations of Return on Investment (ROI) in Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) projects In Egypt, 2 The Academic Research Community publication 332 (2019).
  • El Yamany, S., M. Afifi, and A. Hassan. "Applicability and Implementation of US Green Building Council Rating System (LEED) in Egypt (A Longitudinal study for Egyptian LEED Certified Buildings), 34 Procedia Environmental Sciences 594 (2016).
  • Elrawy, Omar O., and Shady Attia. "The impact of climate change on Building Energy Simulation (BES) uncertainty-Case study from a LEED building in Egypt." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. Vol. 397. No. 1. IOP Publishing, 2019.
  • Ayokunle Olubunmi, Olanipekun, "Project owners’ motivation for delivering green building projects 143 Journal of Construction Engineering and Management (2017)
  • Doan, Dat Tien, Ali Ghaffarianhoseini, Nicola Naismith, Tongrui Zhang, Amirhosein Ghaffarianhoseini, and John Tookey, A critical comparison of green building rating systems, 123 Building and Environment 243 (2017).
  • Tai Ziola, The Growth of Green Building, 37 LAWNOW 15 (2013).
  • Charles Goulding, Jacob Goldman & Andrea Albanese, The LED Lighting/LEED Building Tax Advantage, 12 CORP. Bus. TAX'n MONTHLY 13 (2011).
  • Ruffina Thilakaratne, and Vikki Lew. "Is LEED leading Asia?: an analysis of global adaptation and trends, 21 Procedia engineering 1136 (2011).
  • Brophy, Vivienne, and J. Owen Lewis. A green vitruvius: principles and practice of sustainable architectural design. Routledge, 2012.
  • Charles Goulding, Jacob Goldman & Daniel Audette, Advanced LEED Building Energy Tax Planning, 13 CORP. Bus. TAX'n MONTHLY 9 (2011).
  • Michael O'Brien, Bringing Detroit Back to Life: The Utilization of Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Certification to Revive Urban Decay, 16 J. HIGH TECH. L. 469 (2016).
  • Mozingo, Louise, and Ed Arens. "Quantifying the Comprehensive Greenhouse Gas Co-Benefits of Green Buildings." (2014).
  • Altomonte, Sergio. "Environmental education for sustainable architecture, 1 Rev. Eur. Stud. 12 (2009).
  • Dator, Mariel S. "Green building regulations: Extending mandates to the residential sector, 37 BC Envtl. Aff. L. Rev 393. (2010).
  • Schindler, Sarah B. "Following industry's LEED: Municipal adoption of private green building standards, 62 Fla. L. Rev. 285 (2010).
  • Chused, Richard. "Sculpture, Industrial Design, Architecture, and the Right to Control Uses of Publicly Displayed Works, 17 Nw. J. Tech. & Intell. Prop. 55 (2019)
  • Bennett Capers "The Racial Architecture of Criminal Justice, 74 SMU L. Rev. 405 (2021).
  • Davit Churghulia "Construction Permit Administrative Proceedings as a Mechanism for Implementing Construction Safety, J. Law 180 (2020).
  • Constance J. Brewster, It's Not Easy Being Green - A Green Building, That Is: How to Avoid Disputes and Allocate Risks in the Modern Green Building Movement, 30 Miss. C. L. REV. 65 (2011).
  • Joachim, Onuoha Iheanyichukwu "Theoretical explanations of environmental motivations and expectations of clients on green building demand and investment." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. Vol. 23. No. 1. IOP Publishing, 2015.
  • Timothy Runde, and Stacey Thoyre, Integrating sustainability and green building into the appraisal process, 2 Journal of Sustainable Real Estate 230 (2010).
  • Shazmin Shareena Ab Azis, " Improving present-day energy savings among green building sector in Malaysia using benefit transfer approach: Cooling and lighting loads, 137 Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews (2021).
  • Olubunmi, Olanipekun Ayokunle, Paul Bo Xia, and Martin Skitmore. 59 "Green building incentives: A review." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 1611 (2016).
  • Saka, Najimu, Ayokunle Olubunmi Olanipekun, and Temitope Omotayo. "Reward and compensation incentives for enhancing green building construction, 11 Environmental and Sustainability Indicators (2021).
  • Howard M. Tollin, Green Building Risks: It's Not Easy Being Green, 23 ENVTL. CL. J 2-4 (2011).
  • Brandon Robinson & James Smith, Overview of Green Building and Associated Legal Issues, 26 NAT. Resources & ENV't 13 (2012).
  • Jason Spencer, Leedigation: Green Building and Construction Disputes, 9 Const. L.J. 7 (2011)
  • Prum, Darren A., and Stephen Del Percio. "Green Building Contracts: Considering the Roles of Consequential Damages & Limitation of Liability Provisions, 23 Loy. Consumer L. Rev. 117 (2010).
  • Vyas, Ujjval K., and Edward B. Gentilcore. "Growing demand for green construction requires legal evolution, 30 Constr. Law.10 (2010).
  • Howard M. Tollin, Green Building Risks: It's Not Easy Being Green, 23 ENVTL. CL. J 2-4 (2011).
  • Raouf, A.M.; Al-Ghamdi, S.G. Framework to Evaluate Quality Performance of Green Building Delivery: Project Brief and Design Stage. Buildings 2021, 11, 473.
  • Davis, Wendy N. "Green Grow the Lawsuits, 95 ABAJ 20 (2009).
  • Darren AlA. "Green Building Liability: Considering the Applicable Standard of Care and Strategies for Establishing a Different Level by Agreement, 8 Hastings Bus. LJ 33 (2012).
  • Elias, Roni A. "How Green Is My Building?"-Green Building and New Ways of Thinking about Goals and Constraints in Construction Law, 5 Chi.-Kent J. Env't Energy L. 1 (2015).
  • Piet Eichholtz, Nils Kok, and John M. Quigley, The economics of green building, 95 Review of Economics and Statistics 50 (2013).
  • Marc Erpenbeck & Colleen Schiman, The Past, Present, and Future of Green Building, 24 NAT. Resources & ENV't 33 (2009).
  • Jennifer Grippa, Advising Clients in Green-Building Disputes: Four Steps for Defining Roles in LEED Projects, 19 Constr. Litig. 14 (2010).
  • Tam, Vivian WY. "Managing and Resolving Disputes in Green Construction." (2019): 02019001.
  • Hwang, Bon-Gang, Xianbo Zhao, and Lene Lay Ghim Tan. "Green building projects: Schedule performance, influential factors and solutions, 12 Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management 500 (2015).
  • Elisa Franzoni, "Materials selection for green buildings: which tools for engineers and architects? 21 Procedia Engineering 883 (2011)
Websites:

  • The World Green Building Council’, New report: the building and construction sector can reach net zero carbon emissions by 2050, https://www.worldgbc.org/news-media/WorldGBC-embodied-carbon-report-published last accessed 2021
  • LEED, U.S. GREEN BUILDING COUNCIL (2014), archivedat http://perma.cc/6YWK-KGWP (providing the five different ways to appropriately apply LEED).
  • United Nation, Sustainable buildings,
https://www.unep.org/explore-topics/resource-efficiency/what-we-do/cities/sustainable-buildings last accessed 2021..

  • EGYPT-19 Recovery Covid roadmap, 15
https://mcit.gov.eg/Upcont/Documents/Reports%20and%20Documents_1852021000_Egypt_Covid_19_Recovery_Roadmap.pdf.last accessed 2021;

  • Loayza, Norman V., and Rei Odawara. "Infrastructure and economic growth in Egypt." (2010),
https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/19941/WPS5177.pdf?sequence=1.last accessed 2021.

  • Modern and Advanced Infrastructure
https://www.investinegypt.gov.eg/english/pages/whyegypt.aspx?CategoryId=9, last accessed 2021.

  • Raouf, A.M.; Al-Ghamdi, S.G. Framework to Evaluate Quality Performance of Green Building Delivery: Project Brief and Design Stage. Buildings 2021, 11, 473.
https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings11100473

  • William C. Last, Jr., An Overview of the Additional Legal Exposure That a Contractor May Encounter in Constructing a Green Building,
https://www.lhfconstructlaw.com/articles/an-overview-of-the-additional-legal-exposure-that-a-contractor-may-encounter-in-constructing-a-green-building/, has been accessed 2021

  • Raouf, A.M.; Al-Ghamdi, S.G. Framework to Evaluate Quality Performance of Green Building Delivery: Project Brief and Design Stage. Buildings 2021, 11, 473.
https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings11100473

  • CAE CELEBRATES THE LEED PLATINUM CERTIFICATE AWARD,
https://www.ca-egypt.com/en/news/cae-celebrates-the-leed-platinum-certificate-award-2/?bank_segment=personal-banking last accessed 2021.

  • United States Green Building Council, EMEC Headquarters,
https://www.usgbc.org/projects/emec-headquarters

  • United States Green Building Council, LEED v 4, Getting Started: How to use this reference guide, https://www.usgbc.org/guide/bdc last accessed 2021.
  • United States Green Building Council, Egypt,
https://www.usgbc.org/projects?Country=%5B%22Egypt%22%5D last accessed 2021

  • Elyamany, Soha Mohamed Elyamany Mohamed. "Applicability and implementation of US green building council rating system (LEED) in Egypt: Case studies: Leed certified and registered buildings in Egypt." (2013),
http://erepository.cu.edu.eg/index.php/cutheses/thesis/view/12855 last accessed 2021

 

 

References in Arabic

Laws

  • Law No. 131 of 1948 promulgating the Civil Code
  • Regulations regulating the practice of the profession of architects approved by the General Assembly of the Architectural Engineering Division in January 1977 and were ratified by the General Assembly of the Egyptian Engineers Syndicate on 3/18/1977.
Judicial rulings

  • Egyptian Court of Cassation, Appeal No. 6928 of Judicial Year 81, Civil Chambers - Session 11/05/2018
  • Appeal No. 443 of Judicial Year 51, June 12, 1989, Court of Cassation - Technical Office - Civil Part Two - Year 40 - pg. 573
  • Egyptian Court of Cassation, Appeal No. 4696 of 87 Judicial Chambers of Commerce - Session 02/2018
  • Egyptian Court of Cassation, Appeal No. 11101 of Judicial Year 77, Civil Chambers - Session 01/13/2009, Technical Office (Year 60 - Rule 23 - pg.149
  • Court of Cassation in the appeal restricted to No. 241 of 40 judicial session May 21, 1975
  • Southern Builders v. Shaw Development No. 19-C-07-11405, (Somerset Co. Cir. Ct., filed Feb 7, 2007). 
Journal articles:

  • Ibrahim Abdel Rashid, Mohamed El-Mikawi, and Hossam El-Din Mohamed Baha. "Factors affecting the calculations of Return on Investment (ROI) in Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) projects In Egypt, 2 The Academic Research Community publication 332 (2019).
  • El Yamany, S., M. Afifi, and A. Hassan. "Applicability and Implementation of US Green Building Council Rating System (LEED) in Egypt (A Longitudinal study for Egyptian LEED Certified Buildings), 34 Procedia Environmental Sciences 594 (2016).
  • Elrawy, Omar O., and Shady Attia. "The impact of climate change on Building Energy Simulation (BES) uncertainty-Case study from a LEED building in Egypt." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. Vol. 397. No. 1. IOP Publishing, 2019.
  • Ayokunle Olubunmi, Olanipekun, "Project owners’ motivation for delivering green building projects 143 Journal of Construction Engineering and Management (2017)
  • Doan, Dat Tien, Ali Ghaffarianhoseini, Nicola Naismith, Tongrui Zhang, Amirhosein Ghaffarianhoseini, and John Tookey, A critical comparison of green building rating systems, 123 Building and Environment 243 (2017).
  • Tai Ziola, The Growth of Green Building, 37 LAWNOW 15 (2013).
  • Charles Goulding, Jacob Goldman & Andrea Albanese, The LED Lighting/LEED Building Tax Advantage, 12 CORP. Bus. TAX'n MONTHLY 13 (2011).
  • Ruffina Thilakaratne, and Vikki Lew. "Is LEED leading Asia?: an analysis of global adaptation and trends, 21 Procedia engineering 1136 (2011).
  • Brophy, Vivienne, and J. Owen Lewis. A green vitruvius: principles and practice of sustainable architectural design. Routledge, 2012.
  • Charles Goulding, Jacob Goldman & Daniel Audette, Advanced LEED Building Energy Tax Planning, 13 CORP. Bus. TAX'n MONTHLY 9 (2011).
  • Michael O'Brien, Bringing Detroit Back to Life: The Utilization of Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Certification to Revive Urban Decay, 16 J. HIGH TECH. L. 469 (2016).
  • Mozingo, Louise, and Ed Arens. "Quantifying the Comprehensive Greenhouse Gas Co-Benefits of Green Buildings." (2014).
  • Altomonte, Sergio. "Environmental education for sustainable architecture, 1 Rev. Eur. Stud. 12 (2009).
  • Dator, Mariel S. "Green building regulations: Extending mandates to the residential sector, 37 BC Envtl. Aff. L. Rev 393. (2010).
  • Schindler, Sarah B. "Following industry's LEED: Municipal adoption of private green building standards, 62 Fla. L. Rev. 285 (2010).
  • Chused, Richard. "Sculpture, Industrial Design, Architecture, and the Right to Control Uses of Publicly Displayed Works, 17 Nw. J. Tech. & Intell. Prop. 55 (2019)
  • Bennett Capers "The Racial Architecture of Criminal Justice, 74 SMU L. Rev. 405 (2021).
  • Davit Churghulia "Construction Permit Administrative Proceedings as a Mechanism for Implementing Construction Safety, J. Law 180 (2020).
  • Constance J. Brewster, It's Not Easy Being Green - A Green Building, That Is: How to Avoid Disputes and Allocate Risks in the Modern Green Building Movement, 30 Miss. C. L. REV. 65 (2011).
  • Joachim, Onuoha Iheanyichukwu "Theoretical explanations of environmental motivations and expectations of clients on green building demand and investment." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. Vol. 23. No. 1. IOP Publishing, 2015.
  • Timothy Runde, and Stacey Thoyre, Integrating sustainability and green building into the appraisal process, 2 Journal of Sustainable Real Estate 230 (2010).
  • Shazmin Shareena Ab Azis, " Improving present-day energy savings among green building sector in Malaysia using benefit transfer approach: Cooling and lighting loads, 137 Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews (2021).
  • Olubunmi, Olanipekun Ayokunle, Paul Bo Xia, and Martin Skitmore. 59 "Green building incentives: A review." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 1611 (2016).
  • Saka, Najimu, Ayokunle Olubunmi Olanipekun, and Temitope Omotayo. "Reward and compensation incentives for enhancing green building construction, 11 Environmental and Sustainability Indicators (2021).
  • Howard M. Tollin, Green Building Risks: It's Not Easy Being Green, 23 ENVTL. CL. J 2-4 (2011).
  • Brandon Robinson & James Smith, Overview of Green Building and Associated Legal Issues, 26 NAT. Resources & ENV't 13 (2012).
  • Jason Spencer, Leedigation: Green Building and Construction Disputes, 9 Const. L.J. 7 (2011)
  • Prum, Darren A., and Stephen Del Percio. "Green Building Contracts: Considering the Roles of Consequential Damages & Limitation of Liability Provisions, 23 Loy. Consumer L. Rev. 117 (2010).
  • Vyas, Ujjval K., and Edward B. Gentilcore. "Growing demand for green construction requires legal evolution, 30 Constr. Law.10 (2010).
  • Howard M. Tollin, Green Building Risks: It's Not Easy Being Green, 23 ENVTL. CL. J 2-4 (2011).
  • Raouf, A.M.; Al-Ghamdi, S.G. Framework to Evaluate Quality Performance of Green Building Delivery: Project Brief and Design Stage. Buildings 2021, 11, 473.
  • Davis, Wendy N. "Green Grow the Lawsuits, 95 ABAJ 20 (2009).
  • Darren AlA. "Green Building Liability: Considering the Applicable Standard of Care and Strategies for Establishing a Different Level by Agreement, 8 Hastings Bus. LJ 33 (2012).
  • Elias, Roni A. "How Green Is My Building?"-Green Building and New Ways of Thinking about Goals and Constraints in Construction Law, 5 Chi.-Kent J. Env't Energy L. 1 (2015).
  • Piet Eichholtz, Nils Kok, and John M. Quigley, The economics of green building, 95 Review of Economics and Statistics 50 (2013).
  • Marc Erpenbeck & Colleen Schiman, The Past, Present, and Future of Green Building, 24 NAT. Resources & ENV't 33 (2009).
  • Jennifer Grippa, Advising Clients in Green-Building Disputes: Four Steps for Defining Roles in LEED Projects, 19 Constr. Litig. 14 (2010).
  • Tam, Vivian WY. "Managing and Resolving Disputes in Green Construction." (2019): 02019001.
  • Hwang, Bon-Gang, Xianbo Zhao, and Lene Lay Ghim Tan. "Green building projects: Schedule performance, influential factors and solutions, 12 Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management 500 (2015).
  • Elisa Franzoni, "Materials selection for green buildings: which tools for engineers and architects? 21 Procedia Engineering 883 (2011)
Websites:

  • The World Green Building Council’, New report: the building and construction sector can reach net zero carbon emissions by 2050, https://www.worldgbc.org/news-media/WorldGBC-embodied-carbon-report-published last accessed 2021
  • LEED, U.S. GREEN BUILDING COUNCIL (2014), archivedat
http://perma.cc/6YWK-KGWP (providing the five different ways to appropriately apply LEED).

  • United Nation, Sustainable buildings,
https://www.unep.org/explore-topics/resource-efficiency/what-we-do/cities/sustainable-buildings last accessed 2021..

  • EGYPT-19 Recovery Covid roadmap, 15
https://mcit.gov.eg/Upcont/Documents/Reports%20and%20Documents_1852021000_Egypt_Covid_19_Recovery_Roadmap.pdf.last accessed 2021;

  • Loayza, Norman V., and Rei Odawara. "Infrastructure and economic growth in Egypt." (2010),
https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/19941/WPS5177.pdf?sequence=1.last accessed 2021.

  • Modern and Advanced Infrastructure
https://www.investinegypt.gov.eg/english/pages/whyegypt.aspx?CategoryId=9, last accessed 2021.

  • Raouf, A.M.; Al-Ghamdi, S.G. Framework to Evaluate Quality Performance of Green Building Delivery: Project Brief and Design Stage. Buildings 2021, 11, 473.
https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings11100473

  • William C. Last, Jr., An Overview of the Additional Legal Exposure That a Contractor May Encounter in Constructing a Green Building,
https://www.lhfconstructlaw.com/articles/an-overview-of-the-additional-legal-exposure-that-a-contractor-may-encounter-in-constructing-a-green-building/, has been accessed 2021

  • Raouf, A.M.; Al-Ghamdi, S.G. Framework to Evaluate Quality Performance of Green Building Delivery: Project Brief and Design Stage. Buildings 2021, 11, 473.
https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings11100473

  • CAE CELEBRATES THE LEED PLATINUM CERTIFICATE AWARD,
https://www.ca-egypt.com/en/news/cae-celebrates-the-leed-platinum-certificate-award-2/?bank_segment=personal-banking last accessed 2021.

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