Heart Failure: Review on Pathophysiology and Pharmacological Therapy
Elrefaei, A., Salem, H., Khamis, H., Moustafa, Y. (2022). Heart Failure: Review on Pathophysiology and Pharmacological Therapy. EKB Journal Management System, 6(3), 1-13. doi: 10.21608/rpbs.2021.98440.1116
Amir Elrefaei; Hoda Salem; Hazem Khamis; Yasser Moustafa. "Heart Failure: Review on Pathophysiology and Pharmacological Therapy". EKB Journal Management System, 6, 3, 2022, 1-13. doi: 10.21608/rpbs.2021.98440.1116
Elrefaei, A., Salem, H., Khamis, H., Moustafa, Y. (2022). 'Heart Failure: Review on Pathophysiology and Pharmacological Therapy', EKB Journal Management System, 6(3), pp. 1-13. doi: 10.21608/rpbs.2021.98440.1116
Elrefaei, A., Salem, H., Khamis, H., Moustafa, Y. Heart Failure: Review on Pathophysiology and Pharmacological Therapy. EKB Journal Management System, 2022; 6(3): 1-13. doi: 10.21608/rpbs.2021.98440.1116

Heart Failure: Review on Pathophysiology and Pharmacological Therapy

Records of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences
Article 1, Volume 6, Issue 3, April 2022, Page 1-13  XML PDF (977.28 K)
Document Type: Mini-reviews
DOI: 10.21608/rpbs.2021.98440.1116
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Authors
Amir Elrefaei email orcid 1; Hoda Salem2; Hazem Khamis3; Yasser Moustafaorcid 4
1Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
2Pharmacy Practice Department, University of Tabuk, Saudi Arabia and Al-Azhar University Cairo, Egypt
3Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Modern Technology and Information University, Cairo, Egypt.
4Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt and Badr University, Cairo, Egypt.
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is an important cardiovascular disease because of its increasing prevalence, significant morbidity, high mortality, and rapidly expanding health care cost. Heart failure is caused by structural and/or functional cardiac defects resulting in decreased cardiac production, characterized by distinct symptoms and signs. Ischemic heart disorders, hypertension and diabetes mellitus are among the most common causes of heart failure. Heart failure patients typically experience dyspnea, fluid retention and intolerance to exercise. To counteract deleterious effects of heart failure, compensatory mechanisms are established. These compensatory mechanisms include frank-starling mechanism, increasing ventricular wall thickness and neurohormonal activation. Initially, these compensatory mechanisms improve heart failure condition but with time these compensatory mechanisms lead to deterioration of heart failure. Drugs used in management of heart failure include Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), Angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI), beta blockers, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs), diuretics, digoxin, ivabradine and sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors.
Keywords
Heart Failure; Natriuretic peptides; sacubitril/valsartan; Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors; Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system
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