ANTIMICROBIAL AND SYNERGISTIC EFFECTS OF MISWAK, NANO-SILVER DRUG, AND CHLORHEXIDINE ALONE AND THEIR COMBINATIONS UPON CERTAIN ORAL MICROBIOTA | ||||
| Bulletin of Pharmaceutical Sciences Assiut University | ||||
| Article 37, Volume 45, Issue 1, June 2022, Page 437-449 PDF (1.32 MB) | ||||
| Document Type: Original Article | ||||
| DOI: 10.21608/bfsa.2022.239585 | ||||
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| Authors | ||||
| Sakeenabi Basha1; Amal Adnan Ashour2; Nayef H. Felemban3; Enas T. Enan4; Mohammed Fareed Felemban5; Amal Ahmad Alyamani6; and Sanaa M. F. Gad El-Rab* 7 | ||||
| 1Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Taif University, Taif 26571, Saudi Arabia | ||||
| 2Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Oral Pathology Division, Faculty of Dentistry, Taif University, Taif 26571, Saudi Arabia | ||||
| 3Preventive Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Taif University, Taif 26571, Saudi Arabia | ||||
| 4Department of Dental Biomaterials, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35511, Egypt | ||||
| 5Department of Oral And Maxillofacial Surgery And Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Taif University, Taif 26571 ,Saudi Arabia. | ||||
| 6Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Taif 21974, Saudi Arabia. | ||||
| 7Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, 71516 Assiut, Egypt | ||||
| Abstract | ||||
| The current study target to compare the antimicrobial efficacy of miswak, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), and chlorhexidine with different concentrations alone and in combinations with each other against two bacteria Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), and one fungus Candida albicans (C. albicans). Manually prepared miswak extract, chlorhexidine gluconate (0.2% and 0.12% concentrations), and AgNPs (20 to 50 nm) were used. The following combinations were prepared and their synergistic effect were evaluated: AgNPs with chlorhexidine, miswak with chlorhexidine, and miswak with AgNPs. The antimicrobial efficiencies were defined using agar well diffusion method. The mean difference was tested using ANOVA. When tested materials were used alone, the mean diameter of inhibition zone (DIZ) of AgNPs, chlorhexidine and miswak against S. aureus and S. mutans were significantly higher than C. albicans. The AgNPs had greatest effect than the other two tested materials (AgNPs> chlorhexidine> miswak) upon tested bacteria. When tested combinations are used, the mean DIZ of AgNPs with miswak extract combination was significantly highest more than miswak with chlorhexidine 0.2% or 0.12% combinations at all the tested microbe levels. Mean DIZ of AgNPs with 0.2% chlorhexidine was significantly highest more miswak with 0.2% or 0.12% chlorhexidine combinations at all tested microbe levels. Finally, the combination of AgNPs with miswak extract has superior antimicrobial efficacy when compared to the other tested combinations. Therefore, AgNPs, and miswak extract can be used as a promising antimicrobial biomaterial in dental applications. | ||||
| Keywords | ||||
| AgNPs; miswak extract; chlorhexidine; combinations; antimicrobial efficacy | ||||
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