الصفحات الرياضية عبر الفيس بوک ودورها في نشر التعصب وخطاب الکراهية

- Arafat Maiouf and Adel Bashir al-Zayani, Hate Speech and the Nature of Professional Breaches in Libyan Satellite Channels During Armed Conflicts: An Applied Theoretical Study of Libya Al-Jun and Libya Al-Ahrar, University Magazine No. 32, 2020, p. 201

- Iman Mohamed Hosni, False Religious Hatred Speeches on the Vespok Network - Study in Persuasive Strategy and Structure, Arab Journal of Media and Communication Research, Issue 30, July 2020, p. 177

- Syrian Center for Information and Freedom of Expression, Comparative Study on Hate Speech and Incitement to Violence in Syrian Media, UNESCO, MDP, 2020

- Scheitle Christopher P, & Michelle Hansmann, Religion Related Hate Crimes: Data, Trends, and Limitations, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 55.4, 2020: 859-873

- Pintak Lawrence, Hate Spin: The Manufacture of Religious Offense and Its Threat to Democracy, 2019: 103-106

- Mai ElSherief, et al. Peer to peer hate: Hate speech instigators and their targets, Twelfth International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, 2018: 114-154

- Farkas, Johan, Jannick Schou, and Christina Neumayer, Cloaked Facebook pages: Exploring fake Islamist propaganda in social media, New Media & Society 20.5, 2018: 1850-1867

- Naser Rahamah, Hate Speech at Facebook Network in Jordan - Survey Study, Master's Thesis, Journalism and Media Department, Faculty of Media, Middle East University, 2018

- German Researchers' Group, The Role of Social Media in the Phenomenon of Violence against Refugees in Germany, University of Warwick, Translated and Published on 17-1-2018, Tomorrow Newspaper: http://cutt.us/0b6lp

- Alia Zakaria, Legal Mechanisms Developed to Refute Hatred, Discrimination and Their Contemporary Applications: A Comparative Study, Published Research, Journal of Kuwait International Law College, Fifth Year, Issue 2, Part I, May 2017, p. 533

- Amira Ahmed Kocq, The role of social media networks in disseminating a culture of tolerance from the perspective of Jordanian university students, Faculty of Media, Middle East University, Amman, Jordan, 2017, p. 1

- Monster Artists, Hate Speech on Jordanian Websites, Content Analysis, Master's Thesis, Jordanian Media Institute, Petra University, Amman, 2017, p. 117

- Ciftci, Tuba, et al. Hate speech on facebook, Proceedings of the 4^th European Conference on social media, ECSM 2017, p201

- Faisal Abdulaziz Al-Sarhan, New Media and Hate Speech - Strategies for Confrontation, International Tight Media Conference "Media between Hate Speech and Intellectual Security", T1, Faculty of Journalism and Media, Zarqa University, 2017, p. 124

- Mustafa Sahari and Amina Nabih, social media sites and hate speech industry in Algeria, prescriptive study of several models via Facebook pages, International Media Conference: Media between Hate Speech and Intellectual Security, Faculty of Journalism and Media, Zarqa University, 2017, p. 553

- Mohamed Sobhi Said Sabah, Crimes of Excellence and Incitement to Hatred and Violence, Comparative Study, Published Research, Faculty of Law, Cairo University, 2016, p. 1

- Rita Ijalk, Hate Speech and Incitement to Hatred of Minorities in the Media, Paper, General Assembly - United Nations, January 28, 2015, p. 4

- Ali Mansour Osman Habib, Sports Intolerance and Its Danger to the Individual and Society: Saudi Stadium Case Study, Journal of Educational Sciences, Graduate School of Education, Cairo University, vol. 28, No. 3, 2020, p. 257

- Isa al-Hadi and Kamal Reish, e-sports media and its impact on the development of sports culture among university students, Al-Hakma Journal of Media and Communication Studies, Algeria No. 19, 2020, p. 67

- Rana Marwan Al-Issa, The Role of Social Media Sites in Disseminating Sports Culture among Jordanian Youth in the View of Sports Coaches, Master's Thesis, Media Department, Faculty of Media, Middle East University, 2020, p. 122

- Mustafa Mohammed Qassem and Ghanem bin Saad Al-Ghanim, Motivation for Sports Intolerance in Light of Contemporary Social Changes: A Study on a Sample of Young People, Journal of Umm Al-Qura University of Social Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2019, 63

- Suleiman Nimer, New Media Influence in Reducing Sports Violence among Algerian Football Audiences: Field Study, Sports Creativity Journal, Mohammed Boudiaf University of Missile, Institute of Physical and Sporting Activities Science and Technology, vol. 10, No. 2, 2019, p. 10

- Rasha Abdel Rahman Hijazi, The image of clubs as reflected in sports websites and their role in spreading intolerance, Scientific Journal of Public Relations Research and Advertising, Cairo University, Faculty of Media, Public Relations and Advertising Department, No. 15, 2018, p. 199

- Vision Center for Social Studies, Sports Intolerance in Saudi Arabia Causes - Effects - Proposed Solutions: Analysis of the Content of Fifty-seven Scientific Studies Conducted in the Kingdom, Conference on Sports Intolerance and Solutions, Qaseem University, 2018, p. 38

- Mohammed Al-Shashtawi, Evaluation of the Role of Sports Media Discourse in Reducing Violence and Aggression by Some Spectators in Sports Competitions, Scientific Journal of Sports Science and Arts, Helwan University, Faculty of Sports Education for Girls, vol. 50, 2017, p. 166 - Thi Ngoc, Mai Le & Yang, Jie, The Power of social media to Mind and Body: Study of Social Media’s Effect on Young Female’s Perception Regarding Fitness in Sweden, Unpublished master’s dissertation, Jonkoping University,2017

- Sami Al-Saeed Ahmed Al-Najjar, Young People's University Vision of the Role of Citizen's Journalism Towards the Phenomenon of Sports Intolerance, Scientific Journal of Physical and Sports Sciences, Mansoura University, Faculty of Sports Education, No.

- Iyad Ahmed Ibrahim, Causes and Treatment of Mass Sports Intolerance: A Legitimate Vision, Arab Journal of Security Studies, vol. 31, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2016, p.139

- Yildiz, The Relation between Fan Identification and Moral Disengagement of Physical Education and sports Students, Educational Research and Reviews, Vol.11,No. 7, 2016

- Jafar Fari al-Arjan, Positive Roles of Jordanian Sports Media in the Level of Violence, Riots and Intolerance in Jordanian Football Competitions, Sultan College of Human Sciences, Balqa Applied University, Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, 2015, p. 102

- Abdou Mohamed Daoud Hafez, Role of the African Sports Press in Reducing the Phenomenon of Sports Intolerance in Young University, Africa World University, Centre for African Research and Studies, No. 53, 2015, 69

- Stuart Waiton, Football Fans in an Age of Intolerance, Football Hooliganism, Fan Behaviour and Crime Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited 2014, pp:201-221 

- Ramon Liopis Goig, Racism, xenophobia and intolerance in Spanish football: evolution and responses from the government and the civil society, Soccer and Society journal, Volume 14, 2013, p:1080

- Denis McQuail.- Mass Communication Theory. (London: Sage Publication, 4^th Edition, 2000). P 343.

- Tamer Mohamed Salahuddin Sukkar, Addressing News Satellite Sites of Terrorist Events and Their Relationship to Future Political Anxiety among University Youth, Scientific Journal of Radio and Television Research, 21st Issue, January-June, 2021 p. 135

- Paul D. Angels, News Framing, Journal of Communication, Vol.52, No.4, December 2002, P.875

- Strawboards, L. S. Media Now, WAS.3^th Edition, 2002, P.54

- Graber, Doris. 2007, The Road to Public Surveillance, In the affect Effect: Dynamics of Emotions in Political Thinking and Behavior, ed Russell Neuman, George E. Marcus, Ann N. Crigler, and Michael Makuen. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, P.289

1-         Wright, B., Schwager, P.H., Donthu, N. (2008). Application of media richness theory to data collection, The Journal of Applied Bussiness Research, V.24, No.1, USA. P.137

- Ali Hijazi Ibrahim, Integration of Traditional and New Media, T1, Amman, Al-Mu 'taz Publishing and Distribution House, 2017, p.281

- Noal Abd al-Rahim Ismail, International Foundations and Rules of the Media Methodology, T1, Dar al-Alam et al-Iman for Publishing and Distribution, Algeria, 2018, p. 96

- Rana Marwan al-Issa, previous reference, p. 25

- Human Ayad, Intolerance and its Relationship to Social Identity and Status of the Unemployed, Al Fatah Magazine, Faculty of Basic Education, University of Diyala, No. 53, 2013, p. 81-83

- Mu 'taz Syed Abdullah, Intolerance Trends, Kuwait, National Council for Culture, Arts and Literature, 1989, p. 91

- Baumeister, R.F, & vohs, K.D: Realistic Group Conflict Theory, Encyclopedia of social psychology, 2007, p: 56.

- AHRC2-87.pdf (umn.edu), 20/12/2021

- Slava Sheikh Hassan, Impact of Facebook Hate Speech on Arab and Kurdish Users, CCSD, Research Journey Initiative, 2021 hhtps ://www.ccsd.ngo/en/wp

- Mahmoud Hassan Ismail, Media Research Curriculum, Arab Think House, Cairo, 2011, p. 100

- Mohamed Abdelhamid, Scientific Research in Media Studies, Writers' World, 2015, p. 81

- Barakat Abdelaziz, Media Research Curriculum: Theoretical Origins and Application Skills, Cairo, Modern Book House, 2011, p.275