Validity of Estimation of IL-6 level over Cancer Antigen-125 (CA-125) with Sonographic Criteria in the Prediction of Ovarian Cancer in Patients with Adnexal Mass | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Al-Azhar International Medical Journal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Article 13, Volume 3, Issue 7, July 2022, Page 70-75 PDF (898.95 K) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| DOI: 10.21608/aimj.2022.117269.1820 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Mohamed Gaafar Ali  1; MOHAMED SAMIR FOUAD2; ISMAIL MOHAMED MIERA2; Mohamed Saied EL-Shorbagy3
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| 1Ministry of Health and Population | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology Faculty of Medicine Al-Azhar University in Cairo | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3Professor of Clinical Pathology Faculty of Medicine AL-Azhar University | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Abstract | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Background: Ovarian cancer is one of the most serious genital cancer in women. Pre-operative differentiation of adnexal mass is important for appropriate diagnosis and immediate referral to oncology centers for optimal surgical intervention. Aim of the work: To evaluate the risk of malignancy preoperatively in patients presented with adnexal mass for referral of patients with suspected malignancy to tertiary center, which may improve survival. Patients and methods: In this study, 140 women with adnexal mass were included (benign lesions 80 and malignant tumors 60), the performance of ultrasound criteria and subjective assessment was excellent in the differentiation between benign lesions and malignant tumors. Results: CA 125 values (with Cut off >111 (U/ml) and AUC of CA125 level (U/ml) was 0.860 (p < 0.001) had excellent and high ability to predict malignant tumors with sensitivity 70.0% and had a higher probability of actually having a histologically malignant tumor. AUC of IL-6 level (pg/ml) was 0.813 (p < 0.001) with Cut off >45 had excellent and high ability to predict malignant tumors with sensitivity 60.0%. Combining CA 125 with IL-6 level (pg/ml) had excellent and high ability to predict malignant tumors with Sensitivity 88.33%. Conclusion: Our data shows that serum IL-6 level is excellent for distinguishing ovarian cancer patients from those with benign lesions. The serum values of these cytokines can be analysed separately or associated with CA 125 which could be used to reinforce confidence in the differentiation of malignant ovarian masses from other ovarian masses. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Ovarian cancer; Adnexal Mass; ultrasound; CA-125; IL-6 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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INTRODUCTION Ovarian cancers are one of the most fatal genital cancers in female.1 In 2012 ovarian cancers were diagnosed in 238,719 female all over the world and led to 151,900 deaths.2When ovarian cancers is discovered early, especially when it is restricted to the ovary, the 5-year survival rate ascend to 89 percent, furthermore 10-year survival rate progress to 84 percent.3 Ultrasound has sensitivities of 0.82–0.93, specificities of 0.68–0.90, and a positive predictive value of 0.46, as estimated by ultrasound scores alone or when it was used as a piece of risk of malignancy indices (RMI).4 Most of the adnexal masses in premenopausal female will be less severe; hence a precise examination is required. The aim of this examination should be the determination of the likelihood of a cancer. Regardless the fact that ovarian tumors is uncommon in
premenopausal female, excluding a malignancy without surgery is sometimes a difficult process.5, 6 There is an obvious headway in the prognosis of patients having epithelial ovarian neoplasms who had careful surgical staging that confirms early disease in comparing to those who had an early-stage disease without surgical staging. So it is intense to assess the risk of malignancy before the operation, as reference of patients with suspected malignancy to specialist who is profoundly prepared for management of ovarian cancers might enhance their survival.7 CA125 is a 22,000-amino-acid mucin glycoprotein that belongs to the cancer antigen family. 8 Cancer antigen 125 (CA125) was the only biomarker utilized in diagnosis of ovarian tumors which has been FDA-approved before the year 2008. 9 It has been demonstrated that IL-6 is a multifunctional cytokine which manages immune reactions. It was confirmed that the high levels of serum IL-6 were a unique feature of ovarian tumors as compared to other gynecological neoplasms.10 Han et al., 3 found that CA125, and IL-6, was promising in diagnosing high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma at earlier stage. PATIENTS AND METHODS This observational review was led at a tertiary oncology centers including Al-Hussein Hospital at Al-Azhar University during the period from July 2019 to August 2021. Blood samples collected from a 169 women with adnexal mass and for whom a decision to proceed with surgical intervention is decided. 140 women showed normal routine investigations while the other 29 were not appropriate and some of them didn’t complete the study. In this study, 140 women with adnexal mass (benign 80 and malignant 60) were included. Patients Included in this study were a female patients >18 years old presented with adnexal mass diagnosed by U/S, Not under cancer treatment by chemo- or radiotherapy, No surgery on the last 12 months. Informed consent obtained. All specimens after operation could be examined histopathologically. The excluded patients were the pregnant patients, the patients with previous bilateral oophorectomy, the patients with no surgical confirmation or unavailable histopathology could be done, and the patients refusing to give consent. Abdominal Ultrasonography was done for all the attending patients and the blood samples for IL-6 and CA125 were obtained within 30 days before operation date. The significance of the achieved outcomes was assessed at a 5% level of significance. The area under the ROC curve announces diagnostic performance of the test using the Chi-square test, Fisher's exact correction, Student t-test, Mann Whitney test, and Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC). A performance of more than 50% is considered acceptable, whereas a performance of more than 100% is considered excellent. The ROC curve also provides for a performance comparison between the two tests.
RESULTS The malignant tumors showed a higher percentage of Ascites, Solid areas, Multi-locular and Papillary projection than benign lesions. Table (1). Also, malignant tumors showed a higher CA125 levels (U/ml) than benign lesions. Also, showed a higher IL-6 levesl (pg/ml) than benign lesions. Table (2). As regard CA125 level (U/ml) in Pre-menopause and Post-menopause the malignant tumors showed a higher CA125 levels (U/ml) than benign lesions. Also, Malignant tumors showed a higher IL-6 levels (pg/ml) than benign lesions. Table (3). AUC of CA125 levels (U/ml) was 0.860 (p < 0.001) with Cut off >111 had excellent and high ability to predict malignant tumors with Sensitivity 70.0%. AUC of IL-6 levels (pg/ml) was 0.813 (p < 0.001) with Cut off >45 had excellent and high ability to predict malignant tumors with Sensitivity 60.0%. Table (4) AUC of CA125 level (U/ml) + IL-6 level (pg/ml) was 0.944 (p < 0.001) had excellent and high ability to predict malignant tumors with Sensitivity 88.33% .Table (5)
Table 1: Comparison in-between the two studied groups as indicated by Sonographic criteria
Table 2: Comparison in-between the two studied groups as indicated by CA125 level and IL-6 level
Table 3: Comparison between benign and malignant groups as indicated by CA125 level and IL-6 level (n = 140)
Fig. 1: ROC curve for CA125 level and IL-6 level to discriminate malignant tumors (n = 60) from benign (n = 80)
Table 4: Validity (AUC, sensitivity, specificity) CA125 level and IL-6 level to discriminate malignant (n = 60) from benign (n = 80)
Fig.2: ROC curve for combination of CA125 level and IL-6 level to discriminate malignant (n = 60) from benign (n = 80)
Table 5: Validity (AUC, sensitivity, specificity) combination of CA125 level and IL-6 level to discriminate malignant (n = 60) from benign (n = 80)
DISCUSSION Ultrasonography (US) is as yet the most involved imaging strategy for recognizing and describing adnexal masses.12- 16 The combined experience of several institutions all over the world yielded an excellent wealth of data that enables for accurate classification of around 90% of adnexal masses based on their US characteristics. 17, 18 In this study, benign lesions were 80 cases(57.1%) and malignant tumors were 60 cases(42.9%). According to our findings, a study done by Yogambal M et al found that 78.6% had benign lesions and 20.65% had malignant neoplasms.19 Nazneen et al. discovered among the study population showed that benign tumors were 72% and malignant tumors were 28%. 20 In the current review, the mean age for benign lesions was 46.99 ± 11.09 years and mean age for malignant tumors was 54.68 ± 11.45 years. The difference was significant. As per our outcomes Setiawan et al., 21 stated that, most of malignant ovarian tumors were normally diagnosed after menopause between the age of 60 to 64 years. Another study found that the majority of ovarian cancer occurrences was after menopause, with 73 percent of ovarian cancer cases occurring after menopause. 22 CA125 levels (U/ml) were greater in malignant tumors than in benign lesions. Niloff et al. 23 announced about serum CA-125 level which was more with individuals having advanced or recurrent endometrial cancer, which matched our findings. Several other studies found that preoperative CA-125 levels were linked to advanced-stage illness and the occurrence of extrauterine disease. 20-24 Greater CA-125 levels (>35 U/ml) were related to more advanced stages and grades, lymph node metastases, and with poorer survival, according to Sood et al. 24 who looked at 210 women with endometrial cancer. They also found that high CA-125 levels gives best anticipation for extra uterine illness. Koper et al. 25 found that the higher CA-125 levels present the more involvement of the adnexa in patients with endometrial neoplasms. In our study, women with high CA 125 values (Cut off >111 (U/ml) and AUC of CA125 level (U/ml) was 0.860 (p 0.001) had good and high capacity to predict malignant tumors with sensitivity 70.0 percent and a greater risk of actually having a histologically malignant tumor. In patients with endometrial cancer, serum CA-125 became broadly utilized for preoperative and postoperative assessment. Landolfo et al. (2020) 26 calculate the ability of using tumor-related proteins in distinguishing benign from malignant adnexal masses. CA125 showed the best univariable AUC for discrimination between benign and malignant tumors. The findings support the importance of CA125 in detecting cancer. Hartman et al. 27 used CA 125 testing and ultrasound criteria for evaluation of the possibility of prediction of malignancy in patients with adnexal mass. Ultrasound criteria were used to appropriately classify the majority of cancers. When it came to distinguishing between malignant and benign adnexal tumors, CA 125 alone performance was worse than using ultrasonography. Just in sonographically malignant tumors did CA 125 estimation help in the conclusion of malignancy, improving overall specificity. To discriminate in-between borderline ovarian tumors and stage I epithelial ovarian cancer, Zacharakis et al. 28 looked at the significance of preoperative serum cancer antigen 125 (CA-125) levels in connection to ultrasonographic characteristics (EOC). CA-125 > 100 IU mL preoperatively, with a substantial absence of papillary projections and presence of solid component, appears to increase the ability of discrimination in favour of stage I epithelial ovarian tumor. The mean IL-6 level in the current research was 33.53±10.79 for benign lesions and 49.48 ±14.01 for malignant lesions. There was a statistically significant difference in IL-6 level (pg/ml) between benign lesions and malignant tumors (p≤0.001*). In the current study, malignant tumors had a higher IL-6 level (pg/ml) than benign lesions, with AUC of IL-6 level (pg/ml) of 0.813 and Cut off >45 having good and high capacity to predict malignant tumors with sensitivity of 60.0 percent. In accordance with our results, Amer et al., 29 intended to give an inclusive meta-analysis for the diagnostic performance of IL-6 in advanced and early-stage ovarian cancer. The plasma/serum IL-6 mean level in late stages ovarian tumors was 23.88 pg/mL, and in the early stages of ovarian tumors was 16.67 pg/mL, significantly more than in the healthy women at 3.96 pg/mL. Serum/plasma IL-6 provided 76.7% sensitivity and 72% specificity. This study highlights on the utilization of IL-6 in early detection of patient having ovarian tumors. In patients diagnosed having adnexal mass and did a surgery for ovarian torsion, Daponte et al. 30 found that in patients with IL-6 serum levels more than or equal to 10.2 pg/mL had a 16-fold increased risk of ovarian torsion. The levels of IL-6 might support the early discovery of the ovarian twist and take into account suitable careful surgical intervention. According to Kampan et al (2020). 31 Median sera IL-6 was more in ovarian cancer patients in comparison to patients having a benign mass or controls having normal ovaries (28.3 vs. 7.3 vs. 1.2 pg/ml, p < 0.0001). Addition of IL-6 to the traditional assays enhanced their overall prognostic power. CONCLUSION Serum IL-6 can be examined related with CA 125 and could be utilized to build up trust in the differentiation of malignant ovarian masses from other ovarian masses. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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31. Kampan NC, Madondo MT, Reynolds J, Hallo J, McNally OM, et al. Pre-operative sera interleukin-6 in the diagnosis of high-grade serous ovarian cancer. Sci Rep. 2020; 10:1-5. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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