A review of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) guidelines for the detection of Salmonella from faeces | ||||
| Journal of Applied Veterinary Sciences | ||||
| Article 3, Volume 7, Issue 4, October 2022, Page 14-22 PDF (662.84 K) | ||||
| Document Type: Review Article | ||||
| DOI: 10.21608/javs.2022.146858.1158 | ||||
 View on SCiNiTO | ||||
| Authors | ||||
Oladapo O.O.   1; Kwaga J.K.P.2; Kabir Junaid2; Abdu P.A.2; Gitanjali A.3; Perrets Ann3; Cibin Veronica4; Lettini A.A.5; Aiyedun J.O.6
| ||||
| 1epartment of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ilorin, Nigeria | ||||
| 2Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria | ||||
| 3OIE Salmonella Reference Laboratory, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada | ||||
| 45Salmonella Reference laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie Viale dell’Università, Legnaro (PD), Italy | ||||
| 5Salmonella Reference laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie Viale dell’Università, Legnaro (PD), Italy | ||||
| 6Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ilorin, Nigeria | ||||
| Abstract | ||||
| Adherence to the guidelines of The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) for the isolation of Salmonella from faeces is important to laboratory personnel, researchers and epidemiologists to ensure effective diagnosis, maximal recovery and high sensitivity/specificity of laboratory tests. The aim of this study is to review the ISO guidelines for the detection of Salmonella from faeces using standards published by ISO and other internationally recognized bodies. The ISO 6579 of 2002 described the process for the detection of Salmonella in faeces. About 25g of faecal samples is collected, mixed together and specimen taken from different parts to ensure maximum recovery of the organism. Processes for the identification of the organism were prescribed by the standard. In the amendment made to ISO 6579 (Annex D) it was recommended that Modified Semisolid Rappaport Vasiliadis (MSRV) be used as selective enrichment medium. Further amendment made to this standard was in 2007 where clause 4 described non-selective pre-enrichment, selective enrichment, use of 2 selective solid media and biochemical tests as the 4 stages of the isolation of Salmonella in faeces. The amendment of ISO 6579 in 2017 combined the guidelines for the isolation of Salmonella species, S. Typhi/Paratyphi from milk/milk-products and faeces. It proposed the use of selenite cysteine broth in addition to Rappaport Vasiliadis (RVS) and Muller-Kauffmann Tetrathionate-Novobiocin (MkTTn) and BSA in addition to Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate (XLD) Agar for the isolation of S. typhi and paratyphi. It recommended the performance of methyl-red, Simmon-citrate, H2S, motility and urease biochemical tests, deleted Vogues Proskaer test while indole and β-Galactosidase (ONPG) tests were made optional. This standard has evolved over the years to ensure efficient recovery of Salmonella from faeces based on real-time result and feedback received by the organization from laboratories all over the world. | ||||
| Keywords | ||||
| Faeces; Guideline; ISO; Salmonella; Standardization | ||||
| References | ||||
|
ANDREWS, W. H., FLOWERS, R. S., SILLIKER, J., and BAILEY, J. S., 2001. Salmonella. Downes, F. P., and K. Ito, eds, In: Compendium of Methods for the Microbiological Examination of Foods. 4th Ed., American Public Health Association, Washington, D.C. Pages 357–380.
ATLAW, N. A., KEELARA, S., CORREA, M., FOSTER, D., GEBREYES, W., AIDARA-KANEM A., HARDEN, L., THAKUR, S., and FEDORKA-CRAY, P. J., 2022. Evidence of sheep and abattoir environment as important reservoirs of multidrug resistant Salmonella and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase Escherichia coli. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 363
BRENNER, F. W., and MCWHORTER-MURLIN, A. C., 1998. Identification and serotyping of Salmonella. Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Ga.
CARRIQUE, J. J., and DAVIES, R, H., 2008. Sampling and bacteriological detection of Salmonella in poultry and poultry premises: a review. Scientific and Technical Review of the Office International Epizooties, 27: 665-677.
DE SMEDT, J.M., BOLDERDIJK, R.F., RAPPOLD, H., and LAUTENSCHLAEGER, D., 1986. Rapid Salmonella detection in foods by motility enrichment on a modified semi-solid Rappaport-Vassiliadis medium. Journal of Food Protection, 49: 510-514.
DIEYE, Y., HULL, D. M., WANE, A. A., HARDEN, L., FALL, C., SAMBE-BA, B., SECK, A., FEDORKA-CRAY, P. J., and THAKUR, S., 2022. Genomics of human and chicken Salmonella isolates in Senegal: Broilers as a source of antimicrobial resistance and potentially invasive nontyphoidal salmonellosis infections. PLoS ONE 17(3): e0266025. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0266025
DROZDZ, M., MAŁASZCZUK, M., PALUCH, E., and PAWLAK, A., 2022. Zoonotic potential and prevalence of Salmonella serovars isolated from pets. Infection Ecology and Epidemiology, 11(1): doi: 10.1080/20008686.2021.1975530
EHUWA, O., AMIT, K. J., and JAISWAL, S., 2021. Salmonella, Food Safety and Food Handling Practices. Foods 10, no. 5: 907.
EMERGING AND ACUTE INFECTIOUS DISEASE GUIDELINES (EAIDG), 2022. Salmonellosis (Non-Paratyphi/Non-Typhi); Basic Epidemiology. Available online at:
https://dshs.texas.gov/IDCU/investigation/electronic/EAIDG/2022/Salmonellosis-Non-Paratyphi-Non-Typhi.pdf. Accessed 22nd June, 2022.
FISHER, J. 2016. OECD/ISO- International Regulatory Co-operation and International Organisations: The Case of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Available at:
https://www.oecd.org/gov/regulatory-policy/ISO_Full-Report.pdf. Accessed June 22nd, 2022.
FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION (UNITED STATES) (FDA), 2022. Investigations Operations Manual 2022. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/media/113432/download. Accessed on 23rd June, 2022.
GOMES, V.T.M., MORENO, L.Z., SILVA, A.P.S., THAKUR, S., LA RAGIONE, R.M., MATHER, A.E., and MORENO, A.M., 2022. Characterization of Salmonella enterica Contamination in Pork and Poultry Meat from São Paulo/Brazil: Serotypes, Genotypes and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles. Pathogens, 11, 358. Available at:
HEALTH PROTECTION AGENCY (HPA), 2007. Detection of Salmonella species. National Standard Method F 13 Issue 3. Available @ http://www.hpa-standardmethods.org.uk/pdf_sops.asp. Accessed 24th June, 2022.
HEALTH PROTECTION AGENCY (HPA), 2008. National Standard Method: Identification of Salmonella species. Issue no 2.1. Available at http://www.hpa-standardmethods.org.uk/pdf-sops.asp. Accessed 24th June, 2022.
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION OF STANDARDIZATION (ISO), 2001. Milk and milk products –Detection of Salmonella spp. Available at: https://www.iso/org/obp/ui/noISO:std:ISO6785:ed-2:VI:en. Accessed 24th June, 2022.
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION OF STANDARDIZATION (ISO), 2002. International Standard, Microbiology of feed and animal feeding stuffs-horizontal method for the detection of Salmonella spp. Available at: https://webstore.ansi.org-ISO6579.pdf. Accessed 24th June, 2022.
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION OF STANDARDIZATION (ISO), 2007. International Standard, Microbiology of feed and animal feeding stuffs-horizontal method for the detection of Salmonella spp. Ammendment 1: Annex D: Detection of Salmonella spp in animal. Available at: www. aait.org.cn/web/images/upload/2013/07/11/20137111148308281.pdf. Accessed 24th June, 2022.
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION OF STANDARDIZATION (ISO), 2017. Microbiology of the food chain- Handling methods for the detection, enumeration and serotyping of Salmonella spp. Available at: https://webstore.ansi.org-ISO-6579-1-2017.pdf. Accessed 24th June, 2022.
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION OF STANDARDIZATION (ISO), 2022a. ISO: About us. Available at: https://www.iso.org/about-us.html. Accessed 22nd June, 2022.
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION OF STANDARDIZATION (ISO), 2022b. ISO: Detection of Salmonella in feaces. Available at: https://www.iso.org/search.html?q=salmonella%20faeces&hPP=10&idx=all_en&p=0. Accessed 22nd June, 2022.
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION OF STANDARDIZATION (ISO), 2022c. ISO: ISO 6579-1:2017/Amd 1:2020. Available at: https://www.iso.org/standard/56712.html. Accessed 22nd June, 2022.
KASUMBA, I. N., PULFORD, C. V., PEREZ-SEPULVEDA, B. M., SEN, S., SAYED, N., PERMALA-BOOTH, J. LIVIO, S., HEAVENS, D., LOW, R., HALL, N., ROOSE, A., POWELL, H., FARAG, T., PANCHALINGHAM, S., BERKELEY, L., NASRIN, D., BLACKWELDER, W. C., WU, Y., TAMBOURA, B., SANOGO, D., ONWUCHEKWA, U., SOW, S. O., OCHIENG, J. B., OMORE, R., OUNDO, J. O., BREIMAN, R. F., MINTZ, E. D., O’REILLY, C. E., ANTONIO, M., SAHA, D., HOSSAIN, M. J., MANDOMANDO, I., BASSAT, Q., ALONSO, P. L., RAMAMURTHY, T., SUR, D., QURESHI, S., ZAIDI, A. K. M., HOSSAIN, A., FARUQUE, A. S. G, NATARO, J. P., KOTLOFF, K. L., LEVINE, M. M., HINTON, J. C. D. and TENNANT, S. M., 2021. Characteristics of Salmonella recovered from stools of children enrolled in the Global Enteric Multicenter Study. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 73(4): 631–641. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciab051.
KUMAR, Y, SHARMA, A, SEHGAL, R., and KUMAR, S., 2009. Distribution trends of Salmonella serovars in India (2001-2005). Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medical Hygiene, 103(4):90-94.
LEE, H., AND YOON, Y., 2021. Etiological Agents Implicated in Foodborne Illness World Wide. Food Science of Animal Resources, 41(1): 1–7. doi: 10.5851/kosfa.2020.e75.
LIU, B., ZHOU, X., ZHANG, L., LIU, W, DAN, X., SHI, C., and SHI, X., 2012. Development of a novel multiplex PCR assay for the identification of Salmonella enterica typhimurium and enteritidis. Food Control, 27: 87–93. doi: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.01.062.
MOOIJMANN, K., 2014. Activities in ISO and CEN EURL Salmonella. Available at: www.eurlsalmonella.eu/dsresource?type=pdf&disposition=inline&object=riump?249357&versionid=&subobjectname. Accessed 24th June, 2022.
MOOIJMANN, K. 2016. Update on activities of ISO and CEN, EURL Salmonella. Available at www.eurlsalmonella.eu/dsresource?type=pdf&disposition=inline&subobjectname. Accessed 24th June, 2022.
NESA, M. K., KHAN, M. S. R., and ALAM, M., 2011. Isolation, identification and characterization of Salmonella serovars from diarrhoeic stool samples of human. Bangladesh Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 9(1): 85 – 93.
OLUDAIRO, O. O, KWAGA, J. K. P., DZIKWI A. A., and KABIR J., 2013a. The genus Salmonella, isolation and occurrence in wildlife. International Journal of Microbiology and Immunology Research, 1: 047-052. Available at:
https://academeresearchjournals.org/download.php?id=869291493737575281.pdf&type=application/pdf&op=1=. Accessed 24th June, 2022.
OLUDAIRO, O. O., KWAGA J. K. P., DZIKWI, A. A., and KABIR, JUNAID, 2013c. Detection of inv A virulence gene by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in Salmonella spp. isolated from captive wildlife. Bio Genetics Journal, 1: 12-14.
OLUDAIRO, O. O., KWAGA, J. K. P., DZIKWI, A. A., and KABIR, JUNAID, 2013b. Prevalence of Salmonella spp. in captive wildlife at the National Zoological Garden Jos, Nigeria. Current Research Microbiology Biotechnology, 6: 285-288.
PERCIVAL, S. L., and WILLIAMS, D. W., 2014. Salmonella. In Microbiology of Waterborne Diseases (Second Edition), Chapter Ten, Editors: Percival, S. L., Yates, M. V., Williams, D. W., Chalmers, R. M. and Gray, N. F. Academic Press, Pg: 209-222. ISBN 9780124158467, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-415846-7.00010-X.
PUBLIC HEALTH ENGLAND (PHE), 2013. Gastrointestinal infections data. Summary of Salmonella surveillance. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/salmonella-surveillance-summary-2013. Accessed 24th June, 2022.
PUBLIC HEALTH ENGLAND (PHE), 2014. Detection of Salmonella spp version 2. Available at http://www.hpa.org.uk/productservices/microbiologypathology/specialistsmicrobiologyservices/foodwaterenvironmentalmicrobiologyservices/NationalRefernceLaboratoryForFoodMicrobiology. Accessed 24th June, 2022.
QIN, X., YANG, M., CAI, H., LIU, Y., GORRIS, L., ASLAM, M. Z., JIA, K., SUN, T., WANG, X., and DONG, Q., (2022). Antibiotic Resistance of Salmonella Typhimurium Monophasic Variant 1,4,[5],12:i:-in China: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Antibiotics, 11: 532. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11040532. Accessed 24th June, 2022
SHITTU, O. B., UZAIRUE, L. I., OJO, O. E., OBUOTOR, T. M., FOLORUNSO, J. B., RAHEEM-ADEMOLA, R. R., OLANIPEKUN, G., AJOSE, T., MEDUGU, N., EBRUKE, B., and OBARO, S. K., (2022). Antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes in Salmonella enterica serovars isolated from droppings of layer chicken in two farms in Nigeria. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 132 (5): 3891-3906. https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.15477.
VEENMAN, C., KORVER, H., and MOOIJMANN, K. A., 2007. Improvements in the method for detection of Salmonella spp. in animal faeces, RIVM report 330300010. Available at https://www.rivm.nl/bibliotheek/rapporten/330300010.pdf. Accessed 24th June, 2022.
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO), 2002. Laboratory processing of faecal samples. Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/66348/WHO_CDS_CSR_EDC_2000.4.pdf;sequence=1. Accessed 24th June, 2022.
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO), 2003. Manual for the Laboratory identification and Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of bacterial pathogen of Public Health Importance in the Developing World.Available@http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/documents/s16330e/s16330e.pdf Accessed 24th June, 2022.
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO), 2010a. Global Foodborne Infections Network Laboratory Protocol “Isolation of Salmonella spp. From Food and Animal Faeces” 5th Ed. Available at: https://antimicrobialresistance.dk/CustomerData/Files/Folders/6-pdf-protocols/63_18-05-isolation-of-salm-220610.pdf. Accessed 22nd June, 2022.
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO), 2010b. Laboratory protocol ‘Isolation of Salmonella spp from feed and animal faeces. 5th Ed., June 2010. Available at:www.antimicrobialresistance.dlc/data/images/protocols/isolation-of-salm-220610pdf. Accessed 24th June, 2022.
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO), 2012. The evolving threat of antimicrobial resistance: option for action. Geneva, Switzerland. Available on line at: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/44812/1/9789241503181_eng.pdf. Accessed 24th June, 2022.
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO), 2022. Salmonella (non-typhoidal). Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/salmonella-(non-typhoidal). Accessed 22nd June, 2022.
WOTTLIN, L. R., EDRINGTON, T. S., and ANDERSON, R. C., 2022. Salmonella carriage in peripheral lymph nodes and feces of cattle at slaughter is affected by cattle type, region, and season. Frontiers in Animal Science, 3 10.3389/fanim.2022.859800. Available at:
| ||||
|
Statistics Article View: 1,091 PDF Download: 740 |
||||
