Usability: Improving UI/UX in Design by challenges of Materials Innovations
Elgazzar, M., Dawood, M. (2023). Usability: Improving UI/UX in Design by challenges of Materials Innovations. EKB Journal Management System, 13(1), 37-56. doi: 10.21608/idj.2023.276010
Mahmoud Ahmed Gouda Elgazzar; Mina Dawood. "Usability: Improving UI/UX in Design by challenges of Materials Innovations". EKB Journal Management System, 13, 1, 2023, 37-56. doi: 10.21608/idj.2023.276010
Elgazzar, M., Dawood, M. (2023). 'Usability: Improving UI/UX in Design by challenges of Materials Innovations', EKB Journal Management System, 13(1), pp. 37-56. doi: 10.21608/idj.2023.276010
Elgazzar, M., Dawood, M. Usability: Improving UI/UX in Design by challenges of Materials Innovations. EKB Journal Management System, 2023; 13(1): 37-56. doi: 10.21608/idj.2023.276010

Usability: Improving UI/UX in Design by challenges of Materials Innovations

International Design Journal
Article 3, Volume 13, Issue 1 - Serial Number 50, January and February 2023, Page 37-56  XML PDF (4.23 MB)
Document Type: Original Article
DOI: 10.21608/idj.2023.276010
View on SCiNiTO View on SCiNiTO
Authors
Mahmoud Ahmed Gouda Elgazzar1; Mina Dawood2
1Assistant. Professor, Industrial Design Department, Faculty of Applied Arts – Benha University
2Lecturer, Industrial Design Department, Faculty of Applied Arts – Damietta University
Abstract
When people use interactive products, the first thing they interact with is the user interface. UI/UX is always designed considering the cognitive responses and behavioral patterns of users. However, research on the evolution of UI-User Interface and UX-User Experience still has many limitations related to the diversity of materials used, as well as its production technology. In this research, we will discuss the design of industrial products and user interfaces, their evolution from traditional forms, and the application of multiple improvements to it until reaching an attractive dynamic form, which we find on the smartphones’ screen, and afterwards reaching the stage of intelligent systems capable of analyzing data through cognitive interactions. We will also study the direct relationship between the development of material production, that are used in the manufacturing processes of smart and interactive products, and the improvement of user experiences which has a great impact on enhancing the use of these products significantly. The diversity of materials and their development provides the designers with many alternatives that they can choose among them to implement the different parts of the product. And on this basis, the presence and diversity of materials is the first determinant of implementing the designer’s innovations, and their presence within a specific product as a real and tangible reality, and there are still many future products and systems that will not appear except with emergence of other advanced materials; Then the search process for and improvement of new materials is a combined scientific and engineering endeavor. Background and problem: The designer always works to facilitate the interaction procedures between the user and the product, by creating a cognitive scenario that acts as a lexicon for the communication between the user and the product, and in this case, it is called the user interface (UI). The interactive products and their traditional ones have the user interface directly correlated to the evolution of materials and the emergence of new ones including improvements to user interfaces based on the evolution and availability of materials within products. Through this, the research problem is limited to the inadequacy of the designers to keep up with the material production technology, and the designers’ familiarity with the characteristics of the materials they need within the product design and development process. This is due to the scarcity of exploratory research that introduces the designer to what is new in the engineering of materials developed in the field of design, and the lack of innovative materials to introduce new creative additions within interactive products and make them more fun and attractive. Objectives: In light of the tremendous development of the product design process and the shift towards interactivity, the research aims to increase the awareness of the industrial and interactive designer of the revolutionary development in materials science and engineering, and the extent to which new materials innovations affect the flexibility of designing more efficient interactive products, by making improvements to the user interface/user experience UI/UX, and providing the user with fun and effective interaction experience, which represents a major challenge for the industrial and interactive designer, who in turn aspire to provide advanced improvements in user interfaces during the process of direct interaction with products/systems, to achieve maximum product usage efficiency and enhance the utilization factor. Significance: Demonstration of the importance of materials found in nature as the first engine of human creativity, by providing innovative and unusual solutions for the development of tools, equipment, and systems in parallel with the discovery of new materials throughout human history, as well as the subsequent evolution of materials science and engineering through the four industrial revolutions, and the creation of new laboratory-produced materials used to conduct effective improvements to the user interface/user experience UI/UX, and to provide  the interactive products with a new aesthetic measure through the developments of available materials. This supports the designer decisions in reaching innovative materials that fit the parts of the product to be designed and provides solutions and functional treatments for user interaction interfaces and achieve sustainability element of products in general. Methodology: The research relied on the inductive approach to study the problem, achieve the research hypothesis, and indicate its importance. Major results:  The materials found in nature are the first engine of human creativity throughout history, and all human innovations were inspired by nature, such as the forms of external structures and the functions of components and internal parts as well, and they are produced from existing materials discovered, mixed, or manufactured. The research discussed the impact of the development of materials science and engineering on the development of products and their transformation towards interactive, including the orientation towards the future in the availability of alternatives and available standards in the problems of choosing and availability of materials, and there is still a need to enhance the ability of methods for selecting appropriate materials for design based on available characteristics or that can be manufactured. Materials play an important role in the product design process of their various forms, that is, the basic features and characteristics of materials determine the nature of the product or may limit the tasks because the products were found to achieve some performance objectives, which are determined by considering the design specifications in terms of choosing the most appropriate materials for these processes. The design field needs a lot of focus on the importance of physical modeling tests, as it is the first factor in evaluating materials and their suitability within the parts of the designed product, which will allow designers to be able to easily evaluate different materials, and compare them with different characteristics, performance indicators and costs simultaneously. Keeping pace of the latest technologies of materials science and engineering enriches the design process of interactive and future products, creates products characterized by attractive, dynamic shapes, and enriches the quality of life in general, because the examination and testing of materials is a prerequisite for the final testing stage of the actual production model. It may be possible in future versions of interactive product design and development processes to have software programs and tools to simulate and to test materials realistically, and they are integrated with the design, taking into account the role of choosing materials in the current design simultaneously within the simulation of physical tests for materials and products.
Keywords
Interactive Ergonomics; User Interface; User eXperience; Usability; Materials Science
Supplementary Files
References
  1. Afsar, M. N., Birch, J. R., Clarke, R. N., & Chantry, G. W. (1986). The measurement of the properties of materials. Proceedings of the IEEE, 74(1), 183–199. https://doi.org/10.1109/proc.1986.13432
  2. Ahirwar, A. (2021). 2040 mobility - MOBII. Behance. Retrieved November 20, 2022, from https://www.behance.net/gallery/113709857/2040-Mobility-MOBII?tracking_source=search_projects_recommended%7Cfuturistic%2Bproduct%2Bdesign
  3. Ahmed, ElSamany AbdElmoteleb, Dawood, Mina Eshaq Tawfilis, & Ebrahim, Omar Mohamed Ahmed. (2022). Ergonomics For Upgrading User Experience and Improve Usability. Alqulzum Scientific Journal, 13. Article 5. 93-110.
  4. Alexandru Cătălin, Jaliu, C., & Comsit, M. (2020). Product design. IntechOpen.
  5. Alexopoulos, K., Koukas, S., Boli, N., & Mourtzis, D. (2018). Architecture and development of an industrial internet of things framework for realizing services in Industrial Product Service Systems. Procedia CIRP, 72, 880–885. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2018.03.152
  6. Alkan, B., Vera, D., Ahmad, B., & Harrison, R. (2018). A method to assess assembly complexity of industrial products in early design phase. IEEE Access, 6, 989–999. https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2017.2777406
  7. Alomari, H. W., Ramasamy, V., Kiper, J. D., & Potvin, G. (2020). A user interface (UI) and user experience (UX) evaluation framework for cyberlearning environments in computer science and software engineering education. Heliyon, 6(5). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03917
  8. Amar, Z. (2002). The history of the paper industry in al-Sham in the Middle Ages. Towns and Material Culture in the Medieval Middle East, 119–133. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004476158_011
  9. Amer, Ayman Mouhamed Afifi, & Dawood, Mina Eshaq Tawfilis. (2020). Robot Ergonomics: A cognitive scenario of the new Behavioral Objects. International Design Journal, 10 (3). Article 26. 319-331. DOI: 10.21608/idj.2020.96353.
  10. Andreoni, W., & Yip, S. (2020). Handbook of Materials Modeling. Springer.
  11. Ashby, M. F. (2012). Materials and the environment: Eco-informed material choice 2nd edition. Elsevier Science.
  12. Ashby, M. F., & Johnson, K. (2014). Materials and design: The art and science of material selection in product design. Butterworth-Heinemann.
  13. Ayuningtyas, K., & Janah, N. Z. (2018). Development and UI/UX usability analysis of Pinjemobil web-based application using User Satisfaction Model. 2018 International Conference on Applied Engineering (ICAE), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/incae.2018.8579391
  14. BANDYOPADHYAY, K. I. R. S. T. E. N., & BUCK, R. E. B. E. C. C. A. (2015). From UI to UX: Building ethnographic praxis in a usability engineering culture. Ethnographic Praxis in Industry Conference Proceedings, 2015(1), 156–143. https://doi.org/10.1111/1559-8918.2015.01047
  15. Beretta, D., Neophytou, N., Hodges, J. M., Kanatzidis, M. G., Narducci, D., Martin- Gonzalez, M., Beekman, M., Balke, B., Cerretti, G., Tremel, W., Zevalkink, A., Hofmann, A. I., Müller, C., Dörling, B., Campoy-Quiles, M., & Caironi, M. (2019). Thermoelectrics: From history, a window to the future. Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports, 138, 100501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mser.2018.09.001
  16. Bohanec, M. (2022). Dex (decision expert): A qualitative hierarchical multi-criteria method. Multiple Criteria Decision Making, 39–78. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7414-3_3
  17. Bucolo, M., Buscarino, A., Famoso, C., Fortuna, L., & Gagliano, S. (2020). Automation of the Leonardo da Vinci machines. Machines, 8(3), 53.
  18. Callister, W. D., & Rethwisch, D. G. (2021). Materials science and engineering an introduction. John Wiley and Sons Australia, Ltd.
  19. Casu, C., & Rivella, S. (2014). Iron age: Novel targets for Iron Overload. Hematology, 2014(1), 216–221. https://doi.org/10.1182/asheducation-2014.1.216
  20. Chapman, A. (2017). Middle/late bronze age to iron age settlement. Bronze Age Monuments and Bronze Age, Iron Age, Roman and Anglo-Saxon Landscapes at Cambridge Road, Bedford, 55–82. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv170x4rn.9
  21. Chernyshev, A. (2020, May 25). Aristarkh Chernyshev imagines the future of cell phones with a blood-feeding organism. designboom. Retrieved September 20, 2022, from https://www.designboom.com/art/aristarkh-chernyshev-the-future-of-cell-phones-05-25-2020/
  22. Collins, T. M., Gitelman, L., & Jankunis, G. (2002). Thomas Edison and Modern America: A brief history with documents. Bedford/St. Martin's.
  23. Czichos, H., Saito, T., & Smith, L. (2007). Springer Handbook of Materials Measurement Methods. Springer.
  24. Dawood, Mina Eshaq Tawfilis. (2017). 4D Ergonomics Modeling in the Interaction Design field. Unpublished Master Thesis. Arab Republic of Egypt: Faculty of Applied Arts, Helwan University.
  25. Dawood, Mina Eshaq Tawfilis. (2021a). The Impact of Interaction Design in Innovating a Scenario of Robot Ergonomics. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis. Arab Republic of Egypt: Faculty of Applied Arts, Damietta University.
  26. Dawood, Mina Eshaq Tawfilis. (2021b). Robot Ergonomics: Giving the Behavioral Objects a dynamic presence. International Design Journal, 11(5). Article 23. 293-304. DOI: 10.21608/idj.2021.191705.
  27. Deliyannis, D., Dey, H., & Squatriti, P. (2019). Fifty early medieval things. https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501730283
  28. Dyer, F. L., & Martin, T. C. (2018). Edison: His life and inventions. SNova.
  29. Eui-Chul, J., & Kyungbo, M. (2015). Ux scenario development based on chatting UI for IOT home appliances. Proceedings of the International Seminar on Computation, Communication and Control. https://doi.org/10.2991/is3c-15.2015.9
  30. Foxhall, L. (1995). Bronze to iron: Agricultural systems and political structures in Late Bronze Age and early iron age Greece. The Annual of the British School at Athens, 90, 239–250. https://doi.org/10.1017/s006824540001618x
  31. Fudholi, A., Sopian, K., Ruslan, M. H., Alghoul, M. A., & Sulaiman, M. Y. (2010). Review of solar dryers for agricultural and Marine Products. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14(1), 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2009.07.032
  32. Gevorkian, P. (2007). Solar power in building design the engineer's Complete Resource. MCGRAW-HILL COMPANIES (OH).
  33. Ginn, V. R. (2016). Bronze age review. Mapping Society: Settlement Structure in Later Bronze Age Ireland, 6–20. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvxw3nrs.6
  34. Goodno, B. J., Gere, J. M., & Gere, J. M. (2021). Mechanics of Materials. Cengage.
  35. Gopalakrishna, S., & Chatterjee, R. (1992). A communications response model for a mature industrial product: Application and implications. Journal of Marketing Research, 29(2), 189–200. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224379202900204
  36. Gopalakrishna, S., & Lilien, G. L. (1995). A three-stage model of Industrial Trade Show Performance. Marketing Science, 14(1), 22–42. https://doi.org/10.1287/mksc.14.1.22
  37. Graedel, T. E., Harper, E. M., Nassar, N. T., Nuss, P., & Reck, B. K. (2015). Criticality of metals and metalloids. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(14), 4257–4262. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1500415112
  38. Grassby, R. (2005). Material culture and cultural history. The Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 35(4), 591–603. https://doi.org/10.1162/0022195043327426
  39. H., J. D. R., & Ashby, M. F. (2019). Engineering materials 1: An introduction to properties, applications and Design. Butterworth-Heinemann.
  40. HAMILAKIS, Y. A. N. N. I. S. (1996). Wine, oil and the dialectics of power in Bronze Age Crete: A review of the evidence. Oxford Journal of Archaeology, 15(1), 1–32. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0092.1996.tb00071.x
  41. Harvey, K. editor. (2018). History and material culture: A student's guide to approaching alternative sources. Routledge.
  42. Hicks, D., & Beaudry, M. C. (2010). Material Histories. In The Oxford Handbook of Material Culture Studies (pp. 150–172). essay, Oxford University Press.
  43. Hillmann, C. (2021). The history and future of XR. UX for XR, 17–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-7020-2_2
  44. Hopkins, A. (2017). An abridged history of ui - medium. Medium. Retrieved September 22, 2022, from https://blog.prototypr.io/an-abridged-history-of-ui-7a1d6ce4a324
  45. Ingold, T. (2012). Toward an ecology of materials. Annual Review of Anthropology, 41(1), 427–442. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anthro-081309-145920
  46. Jans, R., & Degraeve, Z. (2008). Modeling industrial lot sizing problems: A Review. International Journal of Production Research, 46(6), 1619–1643. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207540600902262
  47. Jeevanandam, J., Ling, J. K., Barhoum, A., Chan, Y. S., & Danquah, M. K. (2022). Bionanomaterials: Definitions, sources, types, properties, toxicity, and regulations. Fundamentals of Bionanomaterials, 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-824147-9.00001-7
  48. Jeevanandam, J., Vadanasundari, V., Pan, S., Barhoum, A., & Danquah, M. K. (2022). Bionanotechnology and Bionanomaterials. Bionanotechnology : Emerging Applications of Bionanomaterials, 3–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-823915-5.00009-5
  49. Jenkins, R. V., & Nier, K. A. (1984). A record for invention: Thomas Edison and his papers. IEEE Transactions on Education, 27(4), 191–196. https://doi.org/10.1109/te.1984.4321702
  50. Joo, H. S. (2017). A study on the development of experts according to UI / UX understanding. KOREA SCIENCE & ART FORUM, 31, 401–411. https://doi.org/10.17548/ksaf.2017.12.30.401
  51. Kelly, J. R., & Benetti, P. (2011). Ceramic Materials in Dentistry: Historical Evolution and current practice. Australian Dental Journal, 56, 84–96. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1834-7819.2010.01299.x
  52. KLYOSOV, A. A. (2008). Improving wood–polymer composite products: A case study. Wood–Polymer Composites, 331–353. https://doi.org/10.1533/9781845694579.331
  53. Koestler-Grack, R. A. (2005). Leonardo Da Vinci: artist, inventor, and Renaissance man. Infobase Publishing.
  54. Kuligowski, S. (2012). Leonardo da Vinci: Renaissance Artist and Inventor. Teacher Created Materials.
  55. Lee, H.-J., Lee, J.-S., Jee, E., & Bae, D.-H. (2017). A user experience evaluation framework for mobile usability. International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering, 27(02), 235–279. https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218194017500097
  56. Ljungberg, L. Y. (2007). Materials selection and design for development of Sustainable Products. Materials & Design, 28(2), 466–479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2005.09.006
  57. Ljungberg, L. Y., & Edwards, K. L. (2003). Design, materials selection and marketing of successful products. Materials & Design, 24(7), 519–529. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0261-3069(03)00094-3
  58. Lubar, S. D. (2000). History from things: Essays on material culture. Smithsonian Institution Press.
  59. McCabe, J. F., Yan, Z., Al Naimi, O. T., Mahmoud, G., & Rolland, S. L. (2011). Smart Materials in Dentistry. Australian Dental Journal, 56, 3–10. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1834-7819.2010.01291.x
  60. McDowell, D. L., Panchal, J. H., & Choi, H.-J. (2010). Integrated design of multiscale, multifunctional materials and products. Butterworth-Heinemann.
  61. McPherson, S. S. (2013). War of the currents: Thomas Edison vs. Nikola Tesla. Twenty-First Century Books.
  62. Mistry, N. (2020, September 21). Medical innovations that will revolutionize the future of your healthcare! - yanko design. Yanko Design - Modern Industrial Design News. Retrieved September 20, 2022, from https://www.yankodesign.com/2020/06/29/medical-innovations-that-will-revolutionize-the-future-of-your-healthcare/
  63. Mittemeijer, E. J. (2021). Fundamentals of Materials Science: The microstructure-property relationship using metals as model systems. Springer International Publishing.
  64. Mondal, A. K., & Bansal, K. (2015). A brief history and future aspects in automatic cleaning systems for solar photovoltaic panels. Advanced Robotics, 29(8), 515–524. https://doi.org/10.1080/01691864.2014.996602
  65. Moulson, A. J., & Herbert, J. M. (2008). Electroceramics: Materials, properties, applications. Wiley.
  66. Nada, Osama Ali ElSayed, & Dawood, Mina Eshaq Tawfilis. (2022). Digital Twin: Methodologies for modeling the Work Environment during the Design and Development processes. International Design Journal, 12(5). Article 22. 225-242. DOI: 10.21608/IDJ.2022.260602.
  67. Nathanson, A. (2021). A history of solar power art and design. Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
  68. Newnham, R. E. (2004). Tensors and physical properties. Properties of Materials. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198520757.003.0007
  69. O'Connor, A. (2007). Before the stone age existed. Finding Time for the Old Stone Age. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199215478.003.0009
  70. Ortner, H. M., Ettmayer, P., & Kolaska, H. (2014). The history of the technological progress of Hardmetals. International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 44, 148–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2013.07.014
  71. Paduraru, A. (2021). UI/UX Design Guide: What are Ui Designers, and how are they different than UX designers? freeCodeCamp.org. Retrieved September 29, 2022, from https://www.freecodecamp.org/news/ui-ux-design-guide/
  72. Pederson, C. E. (2008). Thomas Edison. ABDO Pub.
  73. Pezzotta, G., Pirola, F., Rondini, A., Pinto, R., & Ouertani, M.-Z. (2016). Towards a methodology to engineer industrial product-service system – evidence from power and automation industry. CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology, 15, 19–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cirpj.2016.04.006
  74. Pollock, D. D. (2020). Physical properties of materials for Engineers. CRC Press.
  75. Popkova, E. G., Ragulina, Y. V., & Bogoviz, A. V. (2018). Fundamental differences of transition to industry 4.0 from previous industrial revolutions. Industry 4.0: Industrial Revolution of the 21st Century, 21–29. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94310-7_3
  76. Prasher, R. (2006). Thermal interface materials: Historical perspective, status, and future directions. Proceedings of the IEEE, 94(8), 1571–1586. https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2006.879796
  77. Raizman, D. S. (2020). History of modern design: Graphics and products since the Industrial Revolution. Laurence King Publishing.
  78. Richter, A., Sadek, T., & Steven, M. (2010). Flexibility in industrial product-service systems and use-oriented business models. CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology, 3(2), 128–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cirpj.2010.06.003
  79. Ritter, M., & Winterbottom, C. (2017). Ux for the web: Build websites for user experience and usability. Packt Publishing.
  80. Rognoli, V., Salvia, G., & Levi, M. (2011). The aesthetic of interaction with materials for Design. Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Designing Pleasurable Products and Interfaces - DPPI '11, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1145/2347504.2347540
  81. Roozenburg, M. N. F., & Eekels, J. (1995). Product design: Fundamentals and methods. John Wiley & Sons.
  82. Roy, S. A. (1998). The origin of the smaller, faster, cheaper approach in NASA’s Solar System Exploration Program. Space Policy, 14(3), 153–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0265-9646(98)00021-6
  83. Saini, A., Kumar, R., & Kumar, R. (2021). Introduction and brief history of thermoelectric materials. Thermoelectricity and Advanced Thermoelectric Materials, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-819984-8.00012-6
  84. Sanford, E. M. (1944). The study of ancient history in the Middle Ages. Journal of the History of Ideas, 5(1), 21–43. https://doi.org/10.2307/2707100
  85. Scholz, M. P. (2008). Advanced Nxt: The Da Vinci Inventions Book. Scholars Portal.
  86. Schweitzer, E., & Fuchs, C. (2007). Life cycle management of Industrial Product-Service Systems. Advances in Life Cycle Engineering for Sustainable Manufacturing Businesses, 171–176. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84628-935-4_30
  87. Shahbazi, S. (2020). Circular product design and development. Technical University of Denmark.
  88. Singh, S., Uddin, M., & Prakash, C. (2022). Introduction, history, and origin of composite materials. Fabrication and Machining of Advanced Materials and Composites, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003327370-1
  89. Smith, W. F. (2002). Principles of Materials Science and Engineering. McGraw-Hill.
  90. Solé, A., Miró, L., Barreneche, C., Martorell, I., & Cabeza, L. F. (2013). Review of the T -history method to determine thermophysical properties of phase change materials (PCM). Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 26, 425–436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.05.066
  91. Soper, R. (1971). A general review of the Early Iron Age of the southern half of Africa. Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa, 6(1), 5–37. https://doi.org/10.1080/00672707109511545
  92. Sowards, A. (2012, April 3). 125+ unbelievable futuristic design concepts that inspire creativity. Daily Business Resources for Entrepreneurs, Web Designers, & Creatives by Andy Sowards. Retrieved September 20, 2022, from https://www.andysowards.com/blog/2012/125-unbelievable-futuristic-design-concepts-that-inspire-creativity/
  93. Strafford, K. N., Newell, R., Audy, K., & Audy, J. (1996). Analysis of bell material from the Middle Ages to the recent time. Endeavour, 20(1), 22–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-9327(96)10003-x
  94. Szmuk, P., Ezri, T., Evron, S., Roth, Y., & Katz, J. (2007). A brief history of tracheostomy and tracheal intubation, from the bronze age to the space age. Intensive Care Medicine, 34(2), 222–228. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-007-0931-5
  95. Tagliaferro, L. (2003). Thomas Edison: Inventor of the age of electricity. Lerner Publications Co.
  96. Tew, B., & Hurstfield, J. (1953). History of the Second World War. the control of raw materials. The Economic History Review, 6(2), 216. https://doi.org/10.2307/2590962
  97. Trinder, D., Macey, D. J., & Olynyk, J. K. (2000). The New Iron Age. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 6(6), 607–619. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.6.6.607
  98. Unger, R. (2008). Cartography in antiquity and the Middle Ages. https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004166639.i-300
  99. Wachhorst, W., & Millard, A. (1991). Edison and the business of innovation. The Journal of American History, 78(1), 354. https://doi.org/10.2307/2078193
100. Walsh, G. G. (1940). The Middle Ages. Thought, 15(1), 157–159. https://doi.org/10.5840/thought1940151231

101. Wang, P. P., Ming, X. G., Wu, Z. Y., Zheng, M. K., & Xu, Z. T. (2014). Research on industrial product–service configuration driven by value demands based on ontology modeling. Computers in Industry, 65(2), 247–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compind.2013.11.002

102. Wang, Z. L. (2001). Characterization of nanophase materials. Particle & Particle Systems Characterization, 18(3), 142–156. https://doi.org/10.1002/1521-4117(200110)18:33.0.co;2-n

103. White, M. A. (2016). Mechanical properties of materials. Physical Properties of Materials, 395–446. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429468261-18

104. White, M. A. (2019). Physical properties of materials. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group.

105. White,, L. (1940). Technology and invention in the Middle Ages. Speculum, 15(2), 141–159. https://doi.org/10.2307/2849046

106. Wrigley, E. A. (1962). The supply of raw materials in the Industrial Revolution. The Economic History Review, 15(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.2307/2593286

107. YAMADA, S. H. I. G. E. H. I. K. O., & SATO, H. I. R. O. S. H. I. (1962). Some physical properties of glassy carbon. Nature, 193(4812), 261–262. https://doi.org/10.1038/193261b0

108. Yamamoto, M., & Lambert, D. R. (1994). The impact of product aesthetics on the evaluation of Industrial Products. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 11(4), 309–324. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-5885.1140309

Yoon, E., & Lilien, G. L. (1985). New industrial product performance: The effects of market characteristics and strategy*. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 2(3), 134–144. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-5885.230134 

Statistics
Article View: 1,725
PDF Download: 1,944