Background: Multiple blood markers were correlated with poor clinical results in severely ill COVID-19 patients. Published reports correlated C-Reactive Protein (CRP), Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR), D-dimer, serum ferritin, and vitamin D levels, with adverse outcomes and an enhanced mortality rate in vitally ill COVID-19 patients; yet, evidence is not enough to guide management for the patients using the predictive values of the above mentioned markers. Objectives: to assess the impact of vitamin D on the outcomes of COVID-19 patients who were extremely ill. Methods: We conducted prospective research on 40 COVID-19 patients who were critically sick and hospitalized to the intensive care unit (ICU) of a chest isolation hospital in Beni Suef, Egypt (COVID intensity score ≥ 8). Vitamin D concentrations in blood were determined at admission and 48 hours later. Results: There were 40 patients total, with an average age of 55.6 ±9.9 years and a non-statistical significance between both sexes. With a median duration of 15 days, mechanical breathing was necessary for 62.5% of the patients (invasive and non-invasive). There was a clinical correlation between death and male sex, the existence of diabetes mellitus, bilateral pulmonary infiltration, and heart failure, despite these correlations being statistically insignificant. After admission, serum vitamin D levels did not significantly influence mortality prediction; however, 48 hours later, vitamin D significantly affected mortality prediction, with Area under curve (0,886) and sensitivity (81,8), specificity (83,3), PPV (85,7), and NPV (78,9) at a cut-off ≤ 18. Conclusions: vitamin D useful as a predictor for mortality. Many demographic and clinical factors must be correlated with , when interpretating this biomarker . |
- Abdel-Ghaffar, Muhammad M., et al. "Prediction of mortality in hospitalized Egyptian patients with Coronavirus disease-2019: A multicenter retrospective study." Plos one, Vol. 17, No. 1, 2022, p.e0262348.
- Omran, Dalia, et al. "Predictors of severity and development of critical illness of Egyptian COVID-19 patients: A multicenter study" Plos one, Vol. 16, No. 9, 2021, p. e0256203.
- Infante, Marco, et al. "Hydroxychloroquine in the COVID-19 pandemic era: in pursuit of a rational use for prophylaxis of SARS-CoV-2 infection." Expert review of anti-infective therapy, Vol. 19, No. 1, 2021, pp. 5-16.
- Liu, Jing, et al. "Longitudinal characteristics of lymphocyte responses and cytokine profiles in the peripheral blood of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients." EBioMedicine, Vol. 55, 2020.
- Huang, Chaolin, et al. "Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China." The lancet, Vol. 395, No. 10223, 2020, pp. 497-06.
- Moore, John B., and Carl H. June. "Cytokine release syndrome in severe COVID-19." Science, Vol. 368, No. 6490, 2020, pp. 473-74.
- Ye, Qing, Bili Wang, and Jianhua Mao. "The pathogenesis and treatment of the Cytokine Storm'in COVID-19." Journal of infection, Vol. 80, No. 6, 2020, pp. 607-13.
- Zaim, Sevim, et al. "COVID-19 and multiorgan response." Current problems in cardiology, Vol. 45, No. 8, 2020, p. 100618.
- Zhou, Fei, et al. "Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study." The Lancet, Vol. 395, No. 10229, 2020, pp. 1054-62.
- Tang, Ning, et al. "Abnormal coagulation parameters are associated with poor prognosis in patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia." Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis, Vol. 18, No. 4, 2020, 844-47.
- Caprio, Massimiliano, et al. "Vitamin D: not just the bone. Evidence for beneficial pleiotropic extraskeletal effects." Eating and Weight Disorders-Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, Vol. 22, No. 1, 2017, pp. 27
- Fabbri, A., M. Infante, and C. Ricordi. "Editorial-Vitamin D status: a key modulator of innate immunity and natural defense from acute viral respiratory infections." European Review for Medical Pharmacological
- Infante, Marco, et al. "The role of vitamin D and omega-3 PUFAs in islet transplantation." Nutrients, Vol. 11, No. 12, 2019, p. 2937.
- Charoenngam, Nipith, and Michael F. Holick. "Immunologic effects of vitamin D on human health and disease." Nutrients, Vol. 12, No. 7, 2020, p. 2097.
- Infante, Marco, et al. "Influence of vitamin D on islet autoimmunity and beta-cell function in type 1 diabetes." Nutrients, Vol. 11, No. 9, 2019, p. 2185.
- Holick, Michael F. "The vitamin D deficiency pandemic: Approaches for diagnosis, treatment and prevention." Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders, Vol. 18, No. 2, 2017, pp. 153-65.
- Martineau, Adrian R., and Nita G. Forouhi. "Vitamin D for COVID 19: a case to answer?." The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, Vol. 8, No. 9, 2020, pp. 735-36.
- Infante, Marco, et al. "Low vitamin D status at admission as a risk factor for poor survival in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: an Italian retrospective study." Journal of the American Nutrition Association, Vol.
- Huespe, Iván, et al. "COVID-19 Severity Index: A predictive score for hospitalized patients." Medicina intensiva, Vol. 46, No. 2, 2022, p. 98.
- Singer, Mervyn, et al. "The third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (Sepsis-3)." Jama, Vol. 315, No. 8, 2016, pp. 801-10
- Prokop, Mathias, et al. "CO-RADS: a categorical CT assessment scheme for patients suspected of having COVID-19—definition and evaluation." Radiology, Vol. 296, No. 2, 2020, pp. 97-04.
- Ilie PC, Stefanescu S, Smith, The role of vitamin D in prevention of coronavirus disease 2019 infection and mortality. Aging clin Exp Res 2020, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40520-020-01570-8
- Maghbooli Z, Sahraian MA, Ebrahimi M, Pazoki M, Kafan S, Tabriz HM, et al. vitamin D sufficiency, a serum 25- hydroxyl vitamin D at least 30 ng / ml reduced risk for adverse clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19 INFECTION. Plos one .2020 sep 25;15(9): e0239799. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal pone 0239799
- De Smet D, De Smet K , Herroelen P, GryspeerdtS, Martens GA. Serum 25(OH)D level on hospital admission associated with COVID-19 stage and mortality. Am J Clin Pathol. 2021; 155 (3):3818. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/aqaa252.
- Raharusum P, Priamabada S, Budiarti C, Agung E, Budi C. Patterns of COVID-19 mortality and vitamin D an Indonesian study. SSRN J 2020, http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3585561
- Available online on https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-021-06369-0
|