مبدأ عدم التملك القومي للفضاء في ضوء قاعدة حرية استكشاف الفضاء الخارجي في القانون الدولي العام والفقه الإسلامي | ||||
| مجلة الشريعة والقانون بالقاهرة | ||||
| Volume 41, Issue 41, April 2023, Page 1553-1631 PDF (1.12 MB) | ||||
| Document Type: المقالة الأصلية | ||||
| DOI: 10.21608/mawq.2023.302752 | ||||
 View on SCiNiTO | ||||
| Author | ||||
| أسماء عزت محمود أبو المعاطي صيام | ||||
| Abstract | ||||
| تعد قاعدة حرية استكشاف الفضاء الخارجي هي الركيزة الأساسية التي ترتكز عليها وتنبثق منها كل القواعد والضوابط القانونية الدولية التي تحكم كافة الأنشطة والممارسات المتصلة بهذا الميدان الفسيح، ويترتب على إرساء هذه القاعدة، مبدأ شديد الأهمية، وهو مبدأ عدم التملك القومي لأي منطقة من مناطق هذا الفضاء، وإلا لأفرغت هذه القاعدة من مضمونها وقيمتها، إذا لم يترتب على الأخذ بها حظر التملك القومي للفضاء الخارجي، وحظر ممارسة أي مظهر من مظاهر التملك على أي منطقة من مناطقه، تحت أي مسمى ولأي سبب من الأسباب, حيث تقتصر السيادة الإقليمية الجوية للدول على ما يعلو إقليمها من طبقات الهواء وحتى نهاية الغلاف الجوي، دون أن تمتد إلى ما وراء ذلك من مناطق الفضاء الخارجي. وقد جاء هذا البحث ليسلط الضوء على هذه القاعدة موصيا بضرورة وضع قاعدة حرية استكشاف الفضاء الخارجي، ومبدأ عدم التملك القومي له موضع التنفيذ الفعلي، والرقابة على مدى التزام أشخاص المجتمع الدولي بتطبيقهما، وترتيب الجزاء الرادع على مخالفتهما, مع التأكيد المستمر على قصر سيادة الدول على الغلاف الجوي الذي يعلو إقليمها، والتسليم بانتهاء هذه السيادة عند الحد الذي ينتهي عنده الغلاف الجوي ويبدأ عنده الفضاء الخارجي، بالإضافة إلى إبرام معاهدة دولية تستهدف تفعيل المبادئ التي يفترض أن تحكم استخدام المدار الجغرافي الثابت، مثل مبدأ المساواة بين الدول في استخدامه، ومبدأ الوصول العادل إليه، ومبدأ مراعاة احتياجات الدول النامية، ومبدأ الاستخدام الرشيد. The principle of freedom to explore outer space is the fundamental basis upon which all international legal norms governing all activities and practices relating to this vast field are based. The establishment of such a rule entails a very important principle, namely, the principle of non- national appropriation of any area of outer space. Otherwise, the rule of freedom of exploration of outer space will be emptied of its content and value if its introduction does not entail prohibiting national ownership of outer space and prohibiting, under any name or for any reason, any manifestation of ownership of any area of outer space. The territorial air sovereignty of States is limited to the upper layers of the air and to the end of the atmosphere, without extending to the outer space. This research has shed light on this rule, recommending the necessity of putting into practice the principle of freedom of exploration of outer space, the principle of Non- national appropriation, monitoring the extent to which the Geostationary Orbit of the international community are committed to its application, and arranging the deterrent penalty for their violation, with the continued emphasis on limiting the sovereignty of States to the atmosphere above their territory, recognizing the end of this sovereignty to the extent to which the atmosphere ends and outer space begins, in addition to the conclusion of an international treaty aimed at operationalizing the principles that are supposed to govern the use of the geosphere, such as the principle of equality among States in its use, the principle of equitable access to it, the principle of consideration of the needs of developing States and the principle of rational use. | ||||
| Keywords | ||||
| استكشاف; الفضاء; التملك; القومي; السيادة. Exploration; Space; Appropriation; National; Sovereignty | ||||
| References | ||||
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(الترتيب في كل قسم بالحروف الأبجدية للمؤلفين)
أولا: القرآن الكريم وتفاسيره:
ثانيا: علم الحديث الشريف:
ثالثا: مراجع الفقه:
رابعا: السياسة الشرعية والسيرة النبوية:
خامسا: المراجع القانونية:
سادسا: المراجع الأجنبية
سابعا: المقالات والدوريات والدراسات والأبحاث والرسائل العلمية
ثامنا: بعض المواقع الإلكترونية:
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