العملات الرقمية المشفرة وتأثيرها على دور البنوك المركزية في إدارة السياسة النقدية: البيتكوين نموذجا Encrypted Digital Currencies And Their Impact On The Role Of Central Banks In Managing Monetary Policy: Bitcoin As A Model

ثانيا : المراجع باللغة الانجليزية :

A ) Research and articles

-Adam Back," Hashcash", May 1997. Published at http://www.cypherspace.org/hashcash/.

 - ……………," Hashcash - A Denial of Service Counter-Measure", 1st August 2002..avaliab;e at: http://www.hashcash.org/papers/hashcash.pdf

- Adam Smith, "An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations", Glasgow edition, Oxford University Press, London, 1976.

- Adam Tebble, ‘hayek-prophet-of-cryptocurrency’Center for the study of Governance and Society, KINGS Colledge, London, 28 January 2021. Available at

https://csgs.kcl.ac.uk/friedrich-hayek-prophet-of-cryptocurrency - Aditya marian &Marina Moretti," Regulating Crypto", finance and Development, IMF, September 2022.

- Ahmed Baig, Benjamin Blau and Nasim Sabah," Price clustering and sentiment in bitcoin’, Finance Research Letters ,Vol. 29, Issue C, 2019.

- Alastair.G Clegg,’ Could bitcoin be a financial solution for developing economies : Applying Austrian economics to currency network models and evaluating Bitcoin as a financial solution for low-tech environments ‘, University of Birmingham, 2014

 - Alex Hern,"Collapsed Stablecoin Terra to be rebooted in attempt to Recover Losses, The Gurdian, 25 May 2022. - Alexander Vuncinich, "Einstein and soviet ideology", Stanford university press, 2001.

- Aron Van Wirdum," Bitcoin and the Genesis Files, How David Chaum's ECash Spawned a Cypherpunk Dream",Bitcoin Magazine, April 24,2018. avaliable on 37-7-2022. at:

https://bitcoinmagazine.com/culture/genesis-files-how-david-chaums-ecash-spawned-cypherpunk-dream

 Bank of Albania, "Press Release on the Risk Associated with the Use of Virtual Currency", Albania, 13 July, 2017. Retrieved from:

https://www.bankofalbania.org/press/on_the_risks_associated_with_the_use_of

 - Bank for International Settlements (BIS), (1996), Implication for central banks of the development of electronic money, Basle..

- ……………….., "Central Bank Digital Currencies " ,committee on Payment and Market Infrastrctures, Market committee paper, 2018.

- Beate Sauer, "Virtual Currencies, the Money Market, and Monetary Policy", International Atlantic Economic Society, april,2016..

- Ben S. Bernanke before the National Economists Club," Deflation: Making Sure "It" Doesn't Happen Here", Washington, 21 November 2002.

 - Cameron Harwick, "Cryptocurrency and the Problem of Intermediation, The Independent Review, Vol. 20, No. 4, Spring 2016, ISSN 1086–1653, Copyright 2016

- C. Baek, M. Elbeck, Bitcoins as an investment or speculative vehicle? A _rst look, Applied Economics Letters , Vol.22,No., 2015.

- D. Ron, A. Shamir, "Quantitative analysis of the full bitcoin transaction graph", in:17th International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security, Springer,Okinawa , Jaban,April 1-5,2013.

 - Dan Ashmore, An Introduction to stablecoins",Forbes,Dec 12, 2022..

https://www.forbes.com/uk/advisor/investing/cryptocurrency/an-introduction-to-stablecoins

- Daniel Cawrey, "How Economist Milton Friedman Predicted Bitcoin", Coin Desk, Mar 5, 2014.

- David Golumbia, "Bitcoin as Politics: Distributed Right-Wing Extremism", In , MoneyLab Reader: An Intervention in Digital Economy", Eds, Geert Lovink ,Nathaniel Tkacz and Patricia de Vries, Institute of Network Cultures, Amsterdam, 2015.

- David Chum, " How David Chaum's ECash Spawned a Cypherpunk Dream", David L. Chaum," Untraceable Electronic Mail, Return Addresses, and Digital Pseudonyms", Communication of the ACM, Vol.24, No.2, 1981.

- ……………, " Blind signatures for untraceable payments", In Advance in cryptology : proceedinds of crypto 82," In R. Rivest et al,(eds) , SPRINGER SCIENCE BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC, A Workshop on the Theory and Application of Cryptographic Techniques held at the University of California, Santa Barbar August 23-25, 1982,

- David Yermack, "Is bitcoina a real currency? An economic appraisl", NBER working paper series, No.19747, Cambridge, December 2013.

- ....................…... "Is bitcoin a real currency? An economic appraisal", In D. L. K. Chuen (Ed.), Handbook of digital currency, Academic Press, 2015.

- Dirk Bullmann, Jonas Klemm, Andrea Pinna," In search for stability in crypto-assets: are stablecoins the solution?", Occasional Paper Series, No 230, European Central Bank, August 2019.

- Dirk A Zetzsche, Ross P Buckley and Douglas WArner Libra," Regulating Libra", Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, Vol. 41, No.1, 2021.

- Dong He, "Monetary Policy in the Digital Age", Development and Finance, June 2018.

- Dong He, Karl Habermeier, Ross Leckow, Vikram Haksar, Yasmin Almeida, Mikari Kashima, Nadim Kyriakos-Saad, Hiroko Oura, Tahsin Saadi Sedik, Natalia Stetsenko, and Concepcion Verdugo-Yepes, "Virtual Currencies and Beyond: Initial Considerations", International Monetary Fund, January 2016.

- Eswar Prasad, "A new era for money", Finance and Development, September 2022, IMF, 2022.

- European Central Bank, "Report on Electronic Money", Frankfurt, Germany, August 1998.

 -…………………….., «Virtual currency schemes », European Central Bank, Frankfurt am Main Germany, October 2012.

- …………………….., «Virtual currency schemes a further analysis », European Central Bank, Frankfurt am Main Germany, Februry 2015.

- F. A. Hayek, "Denationalisation of Money: The Argument Refined An Analysis of the Theory and Practice of Concurrent Currencies", Third Edition, The institute of economic affairs, London, 1990.

- G. Mullany, China restricts banks use of bitcoin,The New Yourk Times, December 5, 2013.

- George A. Selgin and Lawrence H. White,"How Would the Invisible Hand Handle Money?", Journal of Economic Literature Volume 32, Issue 4,1994,

- Graham, Frank D." The Primary Functions of Money and their Consummationin Monetary Policy", The American Economic Review, Vol. 30, No. 1, Part 2, 1940.

 - Hall Fenny, "Reusable proof of work", The Bitcoin Library, 15 Aug 2004, available at: https://casebitcoin.com/rpow---reusable-proofs-of-work, Avilaible on13-8-2022,

 - Hannah Murphy, Yaun Yang, "Patents reveal extent of China’s digital currency plans", Financial Times, February 12, 2020. https://www.ft.com/content/f10e94cc-4d74-11ea-95a0-43d18ec715f5

- Harold James, "Lucre’s Allure: Throughout time, new currency has been associated with mystical qualities, and Bitcoin is no exception", Finance and development, June 2018, IMF,2018.

- Hazlett, Peter K. & Luther, William J.,"Is bitcoin money? And what that means," The Quarterly Review of economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 77,(C) 2020.

- Heng Wang," China’s: approach to central bank digital currency: selectively reshaping international financial order?" Published by Penn Carey Law: Legal Scholarship Repository, U. PA. Asian L. REV, Vol.18, No.1..

- Hengki Tamando Sihotang , Syahril Efendi, Elvyawati M Zamzami,Herman Mawengkang,"Design and implementation of Rivest Shamir Adleman s (RSA),Crtptography Algorism in Text File Data Security", 2020 Journal of Physics, Conference Series. Vol .1641012042,6-7 August 2020,p.4-9. Avilable at https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/1641/1/012042 (11 April 2023) -Hilary Allen, the Superficial Allure of Crypto, Finance & Development,IMF, September 202.

-Jake Frankenfieled," What Does Proof-of-Stake (PoS) Mean in Crypto?, September 27, 2022. Avliable,at https://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/proof-stake-pos.asp

-James Dale Davidson & William Rees-Mog, "The Sovereign Individual details strategies necessary for adapting financially to the next phase of Western civilization", Simon &Schuster,1997.

- Jamie Peck, "We are all Keynesians again… and always?" Dialogues in Humain Geography, Vol.6, No.2, 2016 .

- Jerry Brito & Andrea Castillo," Bitcoin: A Primer for Policymakers", Mercatus Center, George Masson University, Alrington, Vergenia, 2016.

- John Law and A.R.J. Turgot, "Two Traditions in Modern Monetary Theory", in, Josef T.Salerno, "Money: Sound and Unsound", Ludwig von Mises Foundation, 2010.

- José Viñals, Ross Leckow, and Siddharth Tiwari, "Virtual Currencies and Beyond: Initial Considerations", Monetary and Capital Markets, Legal, and Strategy and Policy Review Departments,IMF, January2016.

- Joseph T. Salerno, Money, Sound and Unsound, Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2010.

-Joshua R. Hendrickson, Thomas L. Hogan and William J. Luther, "The political economy of Bitcoin",(economic Inquiry).availabl at

https://www.academia.edu/28887180/The_Political_Economy_of_Bitcoin

- Laurance H.White, "Accounting for Fractional-Reserve Banknotes and Deposits— or, What’s Twenty Quid to the Bloody Midland Bank?", The Independent Review, VOL VII, No. 3, Winwer, 2003.

- Ludwig Von Mises, "Human Action: A Treatise on Economics",(ed) Bettina Bien Greaves, The Ludwig von Mies Institute, 1998.

- Maheswara Rao Valluri, "Blind Signature Scheme Based on Chebyshev Polynomials", International Journal of Network Security & Its Applications (IJNSA), Vol.3, No.6, November 2011.

- Marek Pawel Dabrowski, Lukasz Janikowski, "Virtual Currencies and Their Potential Impact on Financial Markets and Monetary Policy", Article in SSRN Electronic Journal , No.495, September 2018,Center for Social and Economic Research, Warsaw, 2018.

 - Max Kubát" Virtual currency bitcoin in the scope of money definition and store of value", Procedia Economics and Finance, University of Economics- Czech Republic, published by Elsevier B.V, 2015.

- Mervyn King,"Challenges for Monetary Policy: New and Old", 1999, p.48-49. https://www.academia.edu/29347204/Challenges_for_Monetary_Policy_New_and_Old, on 7/5/2023.

- Michael Crosby, Pradhan Pattanayak, Sanjeev Verma, Vignesh Kalyanaraman, Fairchild Semiconductor, "BlockChain Technology Beyond Bitcoin", Sutardja Center for Entrepreneurship & Technology Technical Report, University of California Berkeley, October 16,2015.

Nathaniel Popper ,"How China Took Center Stage in Bitcoin’s Civil War", June 29, 2016,.

- , Milton Friedman,’ A program for monetary stability", Fordham University Press, 1959.

- Milton Friedman, & Schwartz, Anna J., "Has government any role in money?," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 17(1), January 1986.

- Murray N. Rotboard, The Austrain theory of money",(ed) Edwin G. Dolan, " the foundation of modern Austrain economics" the Institute for Humane Studies,Califoria,1976.

………………, , "The ethics of Liberty ", New Yourk University Press, 1998.

- ……………………,"Depression: Its Causes and Cure", Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2009.

- Nelson, Andrew, "Cryptocurrency Regulation in 2018: Where the World Stands Right Now". Bitcoin Magazine, 01 February 2018.

- Nouriel Roubini, "Lies of digital currency blocks technology’, Project Syndicate, Oct, 15.2018.

 - Peter K. Hazletty William J. Lutherz "Is Bitcoin Money? :And What That Means", AIER Sound Money Project Working Paper No. 2019-13, June 15, 2019.

 - Paul Korugman, "Bitcoin is Evil", ( The Openion Page),The New York Times, December 28, 2013.

 - Ravi Menon, ‘Making Sense of Crypto ", finance and Development, IMF, September 2022.

- Ronald Rivest,"Frontier of Knowledge Laureate : Information and Communication Technologies", Avilable at :

https://www.frontiersofknowledgeawards-fbbva.es/galardonados/ronald-rivest-2 ( on 11April 2023

- Samuel F.B. Morses Brenkopf, M, "Electronic Cash and Monetary policy ", First Monday Review, Vol.1, No.1, May 1996.

 - Saif-edean Ammous ,"The Bitcoin Standard: The Decentralized Alternative to Central Banking 1st Edition, WILEY, Canada, 2018

- Satoshi Nakamoto, «Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System, 2008, available at: https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf 22 / 5 / 2020

- Simon Barber," How to make Bitcoin a better Currency", Palo Alto Research Center, university of Califonia, 2013..

- Stefan Ingves, "Going Cashless", Development and Finance, June 2018, IMF, 2018.

- Thomson Reuters Tax & Accounting." Refresher: Infrastructure and Investment Jobs Act’s Crypto Reporting Requirements", December 6, 2022 · (24/5/2023)

https://tax.thomsonreuters.com/news/refresher-infrastructure-and-investment-jobs-acts-crypto-reporting-requirements/

- Vance Lagarde,"The Naked Society", TRENT university Library, 1964.

-Vavrinec Cermak "Can Bitcoin Become a Viable Alternative to Fiat Currencies? An empirical Analysis of Bitcoin's volatility based on a GARCH model", Thesis for: Bachelor of Science, Skidmore College, May 2017.

- Vieira, Pedro Jorge Melgo." Price Analysis of Bitcoin: Volatility", Key Drivers and Evolution. Porto: Universidade do Porto. 2017.

 - William P. Wardlaw, "The RSA Public Key Cryptosystem", Conference paper:Coding Theory and Cryptography

- Yianni Doumenis , Javad Izadi , Pradeep Dhamdhere Epameinondas Katsikas and Dimitrios Koufopoulos "A Critical Analysis ofVolatility Surprise in Bitcoin Cryptocurrency and Other Financial Assets",MDBI,Vol.9, No .11, September 21 , 2021,

 (B) Reports & periodicals:

- Bitcoin and the Genesis Files, "How David Chaum's ECash Spawned a Cypherpu. https://bitcoinmagazine.com/culture/genesis-files-how-david-chaums-ecash-spawned-cypherpunk-dream

-"Bitcoin and the Genesis Files: With Bit Gold, Szabo was Inches Away from Inventing Bitcoin". https://bitcoinmagazine.com/culture/genesis-files-bit-gold-szabo-was-inches-away-inventing-bitcoin

-"Hashcash or How Adam Back Designed Bitcoin's Motor Block"

Aaron van Wirdum "If Bitcoin had a first draft, Wei Dai's B-Money was It", available, at:

https://learn.saylor.org/mod/book/view.php?id=30735&capterid=6705

-Bitcoin and the Genesis Files, How David Chaum's ECash Spawned a Cypherpunk Dream. Avilable at

https://learn.saylor.org/mod/book/view.php?id=30735&forceview=1

-Bitcoin and the Genesis Files, How David Chaum's ECash Spawned a Cypherpunk Dream", https://bitcoinmagazine.com/culture/genesis-files-how-david-chaums-ecash-spawned-cypherpunk-dream

-Financial Action Task Force, Report : Virtual Currencies – Key Definitions and Potential AML/CF, (June 2014 Available at http://www.fatf-gafi.org/media/fatf/documents/re­ports/Virtual-currency-key-definitions-and-potential-aml-cft-risks.pdf

 -IMF," IMF Executive Board Discusses the Rise of Public and Private Digital Money—A Strategy to Continue Delivering on the IMF's Mandate", PRESS RELEASE NO. 21230, July 29, 2021.

https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2021/07/28/pr21230-imf executive-board-discusses-rise-public-private-digital-money-strategy imf-mandate

- Law: Legal Scholarship Repository, U. PA. Asian L. REV, Vol.18, No.1.

- Statista : Number of Bitcoin ATMs worldwide from March 2015 to November 2022, Available at :

https://www.statista.com/statistics/343127/number-bitcoin-atms

References:

1- almarajie biallugha alearabiia :

('a) albuhuth walmaqalat :

• d. 'ahmad jamal aldiyn musaa, " alnuqud alalikturuniat watathiruha ealaa dawr almasarif almarkaziat fi 'iidarat alsiyasat alnaqdiati", majalat albuhuth alqanuniat walaiqtisadiati, kuliyat alhuquq - jamieat almansurat, abaril 2001.
• d. 'ahmad mahdaa blwafaa," aleumlat arqimiat almushfarat haythiaat mueayanat ealaa takyifiha alfiqhaa", nadwa " aleumlat alraqamiat almushfarati", munazamat altaeawun alasilamaa - mujamae alfiqh alaslamaa, jidat, 8 nufimbir2021,
• d. 'uthir salah abrahim, " altanzim alqanunaa lileunlat alraqamiati", bahath liaistikmal mutatalibat alhusul ealaa almajistir fi alqanun aleami, kuliyat alhuquqi- jamieat alsharq al'awsat, eamaan , al'urduni,2021.
• du. 'usamat muhamad badr, thawrat alnuqud alraqamiat wa'atharuha ealaa alsiyasat alnaqdiati", majalat aldirasat altijariat almueasirati, aleadad (9) , kuliyat altijarat - jamieat kafr alshaykh, yanayir 2020,
• du. asalam muhamad mahmud, " 'athar aistikhdam aleumlat alalikturuniat almushfarat fi alnizam alnaqdii alduwlaa: eumlat albitkwyn namudhaja", almajalat alearabiat lil'adab waldirasat al'iinsaniati, tasdiruha almuasasat alearabiat liltarbiat waleulum wal'adabi, aleadad 13, miu 2020.
• du. alsayid eatiat eabdalwahidi, "alaitijahat alhadithat fi alealaqat bayn alsiyasat almaliat w alnaqdiat mae 'iisharat limasar", dar alnahdat alearabiati, altabeat al'uwlaa, alqahirati, 2003.
• bul samuysun, wilyam nurd haws, "ealam aliaqtisadi", tarjamat maktabat lubnan, bayrut- lubnan, 2008.
• da. ramzaa zakaa, " alsirae alfikraa walaijtimaeaa hawl eajz almuazanat aleami fi alealam althaalithi", dar sina lilnashri, alqahirati, 1992.
• da. safwat eabd alsalam," 'athar aistikhdam alnuqud alalikturuniat ealaa dawr almasarif almarkaziat fi 'iidarat alsiyasat alnaqdiati", majalat al'amn walqanuni- 'akadimiat shurtat dbaa, almujaladi16, aleudadu2, yuliu 2018.
• da. salah ealaa 'abwalnnsar, tiqniat silsilat alkinal wa'athar tatbiqiha fi alqitae almalaa fi almamlakat alearabiat alsaeudiati", majalat kuliyat alaiqtisad waleulum alsiyasiat - jamieat alqahirati, almujalad (23), aleadad al'awal yanayir2022.
• da. salah aldiyn nueas wa'akharun ," aleumlat alaiftiradiat albitakwyn wamaenawiaat almustathmirina: ayat ealaqati", majalat alastiratijiat waltanmiati, almujalad (10), aleadadi(1), 2020, tasadur ean jamieat eabdalhamid bin badis, aljazayir,2020.
• sunduq alnaqd alearbaa , " makhatir watadaeiat aleumlat almushfirat ghalaa alqitae almalaa", sunduq alnaqd alearbaa , fariq eamal alaistiqrar almalaa, waraqat aleamal raqm (117), 2019.
• du.tahralbiataa, miral samarha, " alnuqud walbunuk walmutaghayirat aliaqtisadiat almueasiratu", dar wayil lilnashri, eaman- al'urduni, 2013.
• da. eabdalhadaa muqbila, " muhadarat fi albunuku", dar alnahdat alearabiati, altabeat althaaniatu, alqahiratu,2013.
• eabdallah nasir eubayd nasayraa alzaeabaa, " altanzim alqanunaa lileumlat alraqmiat almustahdathat fi altashrie al'iimaratia walmuqaran : dirasat tahliliat muqaranatan" , risalat dukturah, muqadimat liqism alqalinuwn alkhasi- kuliyat alqanun , jamieat al'iimarati, dawlat al'iimarat alearabiat almutahidati, 2018.
• du.eabdalhalim mahmud shahin, " taqyim aiqtisadaa 'uwlaa limakhatir albitkwin", majalat kuliyat alaiqtisad waleulum alsiyasiati- jamieat al'asyikandiriat, mujalad 22, aleadad 3, yuliu 2021.
• ethaman euthmanihi, widad bin qirati, "aqtisad aleumlat almushfirat wamustaqbal alnuqud", almarkaz aleurbaa lil'abhath wadirasat alsiyasati, altabeat al'uwlaa, bayrut,2022.
• du.ealaa muhamad alkhuraa, "almadfueat alalikturuniat waleumlat alraqamia ", majlis alwahdat alaiqtisadiat alearabiati, jamieat alduwal alearabiati,alqahirata, 2021.
• du. fayaad eabd almaweam hasanin, " aleumlat alraqamiat almushfaratu: almafhum wal'anwae wal'iisdar waltadawul waltakyif alfiqhaa laha" , nadwat aleumlat alraqamiat almushfarati, munazamat altaeawun al'iislamaa- mujamae alfiqh al'iislamaa alduwlaa, jidat: 8 nufimbir 2021.
• d. muhamad alhadaa almaknuzaa, "sueubat tahdid altabieat alqanuniat lileumlat alaiftiradiat : dirasat ealaa daw' mawqif almushariein alfaransaa wal'uwrubaa", dimn 'aemal almutamar alduwlaa alkhamis likuliyat alsharieat waldirasat alaslamiat - jamieat alshaariqat : aleumlat alaiftiradiat fi almizani, alshaariqati: 16-17 abril 2019.
• da.hibat eabdalmuneim," waqie wafaq 'iisdar aleumlat alraqmiati", sunduq alnaqd alearbaa, mujaz siasati, aleadad (11) fibrayir 2020.

(b) altaqarir waldawriaat :

• albank almarkaziu almusraa, " taqrir aliastiqrar almalia lileam 2021", 2/4/2023.
• albank almarkaziu alsaeudiu, masrif al'iimarat alearabiat almutahidat almarkazi. altaqrir alnihayiyu limashrue eabrlleumlat alraqamiat almushtarakati, albank almarkaziu alsaeudaa, masrif al'iimarat alearabiat almutahidat almarkazi,2020.
• 'amanat muhafizaa almasarif almarkaziat wamuasasat alnaqd alearbaa, " makhatir watadaeiat aleumlat almushfarat ealaa alqitae almalaa", silsilat 'awraq fariq eamal alaistiqrar almalaa fi alduwal alearabiati, raqm (117), sunduq alnaqd alearbaa، 'abuzbaa، 2019.