Press Illustrations and Achieving Integration between Literary and Visual Content in Printed Newspaper | ||||
International Design Journal | ||||
Article 13, Volume 13, Issue 6, November and December 2023, Page 219-239 PDF (3.47 MB) | ||||
Document Type: Original Article | ||||
DOI: 10.21608/idj.2023.318624 | ||||
View on SCiNiTO | ||||
Author | ||||
Reem Wagdy Moustafa Kamel Abd El-Raoof | ||||
Alexandria University, Faculty of Fine Arts | ||||
Abstract | ||||
Literary newspaper illustrations are considered among the earliest graphic forms that have had a distinctive presence in printed newspapers. The illustrator has produced them to perform a journalistic function, namely criticism, illustration, and expression. They have various artistic forms which are loaded with visual effects, such as caricatures, comics, cartoons, illustrations, and expressive drawings.Their richness stems from the articles, stories, and anecdotes which are attached to them as visual complements to the text. They supplement numerous meanings and interact with the words creating a realistic atmosphere that supports the reader's understanding of the presented literary material. Undoubtedly, the visual effect provided by these illustrations is a motivating factor for the reader to continue his association with an important means of mass communication such as printed newspapers. The journalistic text may literarily tell a deep story; however, it will not attract attention as strong newspaper illustrations do as they break the deadlock and monotony of a page. In addition, they embody the momentary feelings in the story and capture the reader’s attention, showing him/her the human self-interpretation involved in the creation of these illustrations and the process of creation and creativity which a photograph lacks. In fact, it is an important factor in our present time due to the barrage of visual information which we encounter via the media and the internet. The culture and habits of reading newspapers have changed or transformed due to the digital procedures. The role of illustrations, the broader umbrella of newspaper illustrations, has changed from before. Then, how about the newspaper illustrations, which may be gradually replaced by interactive and animated illustrations, due to the new data presented by the digital revolution and electronic journalism that keep pace with the times. Although the information contained in the newspaper changes every day, in terms of literary and artistic content, including the articles, headlines, illustrations, and photographs, they seem unchanged. What differentiates a newspaper from another is the harmonious design and the effective design strategy that allows for change in the text and image throughout its pages, and the artistic value that the illustrations project on the newspaper. If they are used with an article, they must be in solidarity with the other typographical elements to serve the structural function of the page to achieve its best visual effect. At the same time, they give importance as a focal point in balance with the text and articles’ titles. If there are many illustrations, they must be in balance with the main picture to become a lesser focal point of interest. The position of newspaper illustrations in the design draws the reader's eye in and around the page. To achieve this effect, there should be no visual conflict between them, and the material displayed on the page or the opposite page. Furthermore, their relationship to the texts varies without limitsto ensure capturing the eye of the reader. Issues of design clarity play a significant role in constructing the grid that will display the layout of columns, margins, main text areas, captions, images, and illustrations, as well as the positions of repeated headlines or top page titles and numbers. This is due to the fact that the arrangement of separate material on the page is what makes the design content and serves the element of appearance and distinction of the attached illustrations. Hence, the research problem was identified in response to the following questions: Can the integration between the visual and literary content play an important role in granting the printed newspaper its uniqueness and preserving its survival? Is there an objective of the newspaper illustrations and a message required to be conveyed to the reader in order to capture his attention? Can the printed newspaper be given digital display methods that sustain its continuity? Finally, can newspaper illustrations be placed within an effective design strategy and system which would give the newspaper a unique visual character and a positive response of the reader? The aim of the experiment lies in reviving the role of the printed newspaper and restoring the relationship between the artist and the writer in weaving an integrated artistic work. This is in addition to achieving the integration between the visual content of the illustrations and the literary content to be conveyed to the reader through the writer’s words and phrases. Furthermore, the objective lies also in capitalizing on the potentials of a variety of media, whether individually or in combination, to enrich the visual scene and achieve a link between the subject and the visual state to be conveyed. Actually, the layout of the pages in a variety of ways ensures the aesthetic coherence among the pages as a whole and the success of each single-page composition. As for the importance of the research, it has revealed a variety of methods so as to give the printed newspaper a new dress that would help it to continue under the digital newspaper. The research has also identified the points of weaknesses and stagnation that have befallen the field of newspaper illustrations related to the aesthetic and design aspects of producing pages, the dominance of the photographic image, and the media and digital invasion that led to a reconsideration of the formulation of the illustrations' role in general, and newspaper illustrations in particular. The research was devoted to discussing several topics related to the history of newspapers, the birth of newspaper illustrations, and the revolutionary changes that occurred in this field in the nineteenth century. Moreover, newspaper illustrations in the era of media and technological changes, as well as their relationship with the digital revolution, and Internet journalism.The research also dealt with an explanation of the general composition of the pages’ illustrations and design of sixteen artistic experiments, eight for the " Story of A Toy " newspaper and another eight for the "From Heritage" newspaper. The researcher uses the historical and descriptive-analytical method and explains the general steps followed in their implementations, such as the design preparation, the stages of digital and traditional media implementation, and separately analyzing each experiment. This is in addition to discussing the experience of Al-Ahram newspaper (A Book In A Newspaper) compared to those experiments in which the typeface has demonstrated the fluency of movement and the ability to perform in its various roles, through the concept of the letter family and the mixed use of serif types; to give the newspaper a formal feel, and the sans serif types; To give it a more comfortable and modern appearance, with reference to the nature of the topics presented in both newspapers.The researcher has relied in graphic processing on a variety of media, such as printmaking, painting media, drawing tools, and digital media, as combining them has achieved rich visual effects. The researcher has used the Broad Sheet, whose page size amounts to 42×59 cm to allow more space for illustrations, and a five-column grid division. The experiments also included two experiments on digital display methods for newspapers, one is a flipbook that can be browsed digitally, and the other is a Teaser about both newspapers, which is displayed through the website of the press institution responsible for the printed versions. The research concluded with an important result that attempts to develop illustrations in general and change the role of newspaper illustrations in particular has become an important matter as the values, aesthetics, skills, and market of this field have radically transformed. This is due to the dominance of television, photography, and digital imaging, and magazines assuming the leadership role, and the castle of publishing illustrations turning to formulate their role in other media and communication forms, such as interactive and animated illustrations. | ||||
Keywords | ||||
Press Illustrations; Printed Newspaper; Literary and Visual Content | ||||
Supplementary Files
|
||||
References | ||||
1- Abīd, Aḥmad (2016). Objective Analysis of the Journalistic Image: Basics and Applications. Cairo: Al-ʿArabī for Publishing and Distribution. [In Arabic] 2- Al- Ahrām Newspaper (October 3, 1959). Najīb Maḥfūz: The Children of Our Neighbourhood. Cairo: Al- Ahrām Foundation. Number 26592. [In Arabic] 3- Al-Ahrām newspaper (July 4, 2001). A Book in A Newspaper. Cairo: Al-Ahram Foundation. (4th issue). No. 45. [In Arabic] 4- Al-labān, Sherif Darwish (2001). Technology of Journalism Publication: Modern Trends. (1st ed.). Cairo: The Egyptian Lebanese House. [In Arabic] 5- Al-Nādī, Hanān (Thursday, August 11, 2016). Al-Hūsaīn Fawzī: The Pioneer of Journalistic Illustration. Al-Ahram Foundation. Issue 47365. Retrieved July 18, 2023, from https://gate.ahram.org.eg/daily/News/191989/12/542274/ملفات-الاهرام/الحسين-فوزى-رائد-الرسم-الصحفي .aspx?mbstx=isywy. [In Arabic] 6- Al-Najār, Saʿīd al-Gharīb (2008). Photojournalism: Film and Digital. (1st ed.). Cairo: The Egyptian Lebanese House. [In Arabic] 7- Al-Ṣabbāgh, Ramadān (1999). Elements of Artwork: Aesthetic Study. Alexandria: Dār al-Wafāʾ Printing and Publishing. [In Arabic] 8- Al-Ṭūwaīrqī, Abdūllāh (1997). Mass Society Journalism: Sociology of Media in Mass Societies. Riyadh: Obeikan Library. [In Arabic] 9- Beaumont, M. (1991). Type and Colour. London: Quarto Publishing PLC. 10- Blackbeard, B. & Williams, M. T. (1977). The Smithsonian collection of newspaper comics. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press and H. N. Abrams. Retrieved April 20, 2023, from https://archive.org/details/smithsoniancolle00smit/page/14/mode/2up?mbstx=isywy 11- Blyden, V. (1989). Book Design and Manufacture. Translated by Muḥsīn Shākir Abd al-ʿAāl, Māhir Muḥammad Qūṭb. (1st ed.). Cairo: Egyptian Universities Publishing House - Al-Wafaa Library. [In Arabic] 12- (CAI) The Clark Art Institute (2023). Retrieved March 14, 2023, from https://www.clarkart.edu/artpiece/detail/news-from-the-war 13- Cambridge Dictionary (2023). Teaser. Retrieved March 9, 2023, from https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/teaser?topic=advertising-marketing-and-merchandising&mbstx=isywy. 14- Carlton. J. H. Hayes (1941). A Generation of Materialism, 1871–1900 (1941) pp.176–180. Retrieved July 18, 2023, from https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.274702/page/n189/mode/2up?view=theater 15- Cook, A. & Flueury, R. (1989). Type and Colour: A Handbook of Creative Combinations. Great Britain: Columbus Books Ltd. 16- Dabner, D. (2004). Graphic Design School: The Principles and Practices of Graphic Design. London: Thames & Hudson. 17- (DMA) Dahesh Museum of Art. (2023). Retrieved May 19, 2023, from https://www.daheshmuseum.org/picturing-the-news-the-birth-of-the-illustrated-press/#.Y35fXsgzY2x 18- Espejo, C. (2011, 4 April). European Communication Network in the Modern Age: A new framework of interpretation for the birth of journalism. Media History. 17(2). Routledge Taylor & Francis. Doi:10.1080/13688804.2011.554730, Retrieved from: https://idus.us.es/bitstream/handle/11441/25637/European.pdf?sequence=1, pp. 189-202. 19- Etsy, Inc. (2023). Vintage Rare Newspaper. Retrieved February 5, 2023, from https://www.etsy.com/ca/listing/1152151934/the-guardian-march-19-1962-original?mbstx=isywy 20- Giles V. & Hodgson F. W. (1996). Creative Newspaper Design. (2ed.) Oxford, Boston, Johannesburg, Melbourne, New Delhi, Singapore: Focal Press. 21- Grove J. (2019). The Illustration Game: Present and Future Adventures in Illustration. Canada: Communication Arts magazine. Retrieved July 20, 2022, from https://www.academia.edu/43308588/The_Illustration_Game_Present_and_Future_Adventures_in_Illustration 22- Harthan, J. (1981). The History of The Illustrated Book, London: Thames and Hudson Ltd. 23- Haught M. J. (2010). The New Newspaper: Examining the Role of Design in the Modern Print Edition, Theses, Dissertations and Capstones. Paper 81, Marshall University. Marshall Digital Scholar. Retrieved November 10, 2022, from https://www.academia.edu/25094191/The_New_Newspaper_Examining_the_Role_of_Design_in_the_Modern_Print_Edition 24- Hijāb, Muḥammad Mūnīr (2008) Means of Communication: Its Origin and Development. Cairo: Dār al-Fajr for publication and distribution. 25- Ihlström, C. (2005). The e-newspaper innovation converging print and online. Conference: International Workshop on Innovation and Media: Managing changes in Technology, Products and Processes, November 2005. pp.1-88. Sweden: Halmstad University. Retrieved November 10, 2022, from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236681178_The_e-newspaper_innovation_-_converging_print_and_online 26- Lamberg, J.J. (2015). Clothing the paper: On the state of newspaper design, redesigns, and art directors’ perspectives in contemporary quality and popular newspapers. University of Reading. pp.1-237. Retrieved November 10, 2022, from https://centaur.reading.ac.uk/65941/1/15020472_Lamberg_thesis_redacted.pdf 27- Mahmoud, T. Abdel Aziz. (2020, June). The Importance of Illustrations in Explaining the Press Content-Bicar & Canaan as Example. The Journal of Art & Architecture Research Studies. Helwan University. 1(1). pp.172-185. DOI: 10.47436/JAARSFA.V1I1.48. Retrieved March 14, 2023, from https://jaars.journals.ekb.eg/article_153772.html?lang=ar. [In Arabic] 28- Mayda M. (2017). A Comparative Analysis of Printed and Online Newspaper Illustrations in Turkey in Terms of Business Management for Headline and Subheadline Design. Ragıp Pehlivanlı: Different Perspectives –Multidisciplinary Approaches Nurettin Bilici, Birol Akgül, Ragıp Pehlivanlı, (eds.), Frankfurt am Main, Bern, Bruxelles, New York, Oxford, Warszawa, Wien: Peter Lang. pp.286-297. Retrieved October 28, 2022, from A_comparative_analysis_of_printed_and_online_newspaper_illustrations_in_Turkey_in_terms_of_business_management_for_headline_and_subheadline_design 29- Mendelowitz, D. M. (1967). Drawing. New York, Chicago, San Francisco, Toronto, London: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. 30- (NCSU) NC State University. (2023). Nineteenth-Century Newspaper Analytics: History of Periodical Illustration. Retrieved October 28, 2022, from https://ncna.dh.chass.ncsu.edu/imageanalytics/history.php. 31- New York Daily News. (2023). Crime: Sketches from famous trials. Retrieved May 19, 2023, from https://www.nydailynews.com/news/crime/sketches-famous-trials-gallery-1.14231?mbstx=isywy 32- (OSU.EDU) The Ohio State University Cartoon Research Libraries. (2023). San Francisco: Academy of Comic Art Collection. The Yellow Kid. Retrieved May 20, 2023 from https://cartoons.osu.edu/digital_albums/yellowkid/HoganAlley_Enlarge/D_1639%20copy.jpg. 33- Paris Musées. (2023). Retrieved May 19, 2023 from https://www.parismuseescollections.paris.fr/fr/maison-de-balzac/oeuvres/le-passe-le-present-l-avenir#infos-principales 34- Pearson, A. G. (1990, Spring). Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper and Harper's Weekly: Innovation and Imitation in Nineteenth-Century American Pictorial Reporting. Journal of Popular Culture. Oxford. 23(4). pp.81-112. Retrieved November 7, 2022, from Pearson_Andrea_Frank_Leslies_Illustrated_Newspaper_and_Harpers_Weekly_Innovation_and_Imitation_in_Nineteenth_Century_American_Pictorial_Reporting_Journal_of_Popular_Culture_23_1990_81_111 35- Porter, C. (1995). Miller’s Collecting Books, Great Britain: Reed International Books Limited. 36- (RA) Royal Academy of Arts. (2023). Retrieved February 2, 2023, from https://www.royalacademy.org.uk/art-artists/work-of-art/a-rakes-progress-plate-8-1 Victorian Web. (2015, 15 August). Literature, History, & Culture in the age of Victoria. Retrieved November 28, 2022 from https://victorianweb.org/art/illustration/phiz/1.html., https://victorianweb.org/art/illustration/leech/103.html https://victorianweb.org/art/illustration/tenniel/punch/22.html | ||||
Statistics Article View: 115 PDF Download: 174 |
||||