Review on Diclofenac Toxicities in Different Organs | ||||
| Ain Shams Journal of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology | ||||
| Volume 42, Issue 1, January 2024, Page 10-24 PDF (859.86 K) | ||||
| Document Type: Original Article | ||||
| DOI: 10.21608/ajfm.2024.333661 | ||||
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| Authors | ||||
| Amr Adel Elnashar1; Habiba I Kamal2; Mikhael A Magdy3; Tarek Gamal4; Liqaa Hamid5; Safa F Mohammed Ragab6; Sara A Khodier7; Aly Mohamed8; Mahmoud M Kamel9; Ahmed A El-shahawy10; Dalia A. Yousef Yehia11 | ||||
| 1Clinical research coordinator, research department, Children Cancer Hospital Egypt 57357, Cairo, Egypt. | ||||
| 2Student at Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University (ASU), Cairo, Egypt. | ||||
| 3Student at Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Hertfordshire hosted by Global Academic Foundation (GAF), New Administrative Capital, Egypt. | ||||
| 4Student at Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt. | ||||
| 5Student at Graz University of Technology (TU Graz), Austria | ||||
| 6Dar Al Fouad Hospital (DAFH), Giza, Egypt. | ||||
| 7Student at Faculty of Science, Banha University, Banha, Egypt. | ||||
| 8Student at Faculty of Medicine, New Giza University (NGU), Cairo, Egypt. | ||||
| 9Clinical and Chemical Pathology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt. | ||||
| 10Material Science and Nanotechnology Department, Faculty of Postgraduate Studies for Advanced Science (PSAS), Beni- Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt. | ||||
| 11Lecturer, Histology and Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt | ||||
| Abstract | ||||
| Introduction: Diclofenac is an over-the-counter (OTC) non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that works through non-selective inhibition of the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme, thereby inhibiting the release of prostaglandins. Known for its efficacy in alleviating inflammation, pain, and fever symptoms, concerns have arisen regarding the potential toxicity of Diclofenac. Its toxicity can cause a wide variety of adverse effects, ranging from self-limiting side effects that disappear after treatment cessation to an increased risk of death due to cardiovascular diseases and strokes. Determining the threshold dose that distinguishes between mild, self-limiting side effects and more severe adverse effects poses a major challenge in diclofenac toxicity research. Method: This article reviewed various doses and different organ toxicities observed in animal and human studies using diclofenac. Aim: Our objective is to define the toxicities in fourteen organs and organize them into different categories as animal toxicities, human toxicities, and teratogenicity through pathological changes. Conclusion: By searching different databases and collecting the observed toxicities, we have concluded that the primary affected organs are the stomach, liver, and kidney. However, there is limited knowledge on the toxic effects on the brain, heart, lungs, spleen, eye, bone, bone marrow, blood, and testes, while rarely available data for the pancreas, bladder, skin, muscle, and uterus. | ||||
| Keywords | ||||
| diclofenac; toxicity; experimental studies; rats; human | ||||
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