THE TERATOGENIC EFFECT OF TRAMADOL ON THE SKELETAL SYSTEM OF MICE EMBRYOS | ||||
| The Egyptian Journal of Anatomy | ||||
| Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 01 July 2021 | ||||
| Document Type: Original Article | ||||
| DOI: 10.21608/EJANA.2021.36213.1092 | ||||
 View on SCiNiTO | ||||
| Authors | ||||
| Mennatu-Allah Saqr1; Amany Mahmoud El-Agwany2; Huda Mahmoud Khalifa3; Eman Elazab Beheiry1; Dalia Mahmoud Biram4 | ||||
| 1Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria | ||||
| 2Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria. | ||||
| 3histology and cell biology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University Alexandria,Egypt | ||||
| 4Anatomy department faculty of medicine alexandria university | ||||
| Abstract | ||||
| Tramadol is a centrally acting analgesic that is similar to morphine. Recently, tramadol abuse has become a serious problem in Egypt. Despite the wide use of tramadol little is known about its possible teratogenicity. The aim of the present study was to explore the possible skeletal teratogenic effects in black mice induced by tramadol administration. Twenty male and forty female black mice C57BL/6, were obtained and divided into two main groups: Group I (control): included 10 mice Group II (tramadol): included 30 mice which were subdivided into three equal groups according to the dose of tramadol, 10 mice each, into: group IIa (T50), group IIb (T100) and group IIc (T150). The results of this study revealed that The external malformations observed in the living fetuses in the tramadol groups, namely microphthalmia, anophthalmia and hemorrhage had a significantly high incidence compared to the control one. Other non-significant anomalies were observed as: anotia cleft upper lip and forelimb anomalies (hyperflexion, hyperextension and internal rotation). Skeletal malformations in the form of incomplete ossification of the whole parts of the skeleton (skull, sternum, ribs, vertebrae, forelimb and hind limb bones), supernumerary ribs, open arch of atlas and axis were significantly observed in tramadol groups. Insignificant findings were unossified interparietal bone and sternum. CONCLUSION : tramadol administration during pregnancy proved to cause significant external and skeletal fetal anomalies | ||||
| Keywords | ||||
| Tramadol; Malformation; Skeletal | ||||
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