Flexural and Tensile Performance of Laminated GFRP as Suitable Alternative to Hydraulic Steel Gates | ||||
| JES. Journal of Engineering Sciences | ||||
| Article 2, Volume 52, Issue 2, March and April 2024, Page 72-90 PDF (3.84 MB) | ||||
| Document Type: Research Paper | ||||
| DOI: 10.21608/jesaun.2024.243091.1273 | ||||
 View on SCiNiTO | ||||
| Authors | ||||
Basma Elbably  1; Ahmed Anwar1; Hanan Altobgy2; Gamal Elsaeed2
| ||||
| 1National Water Research Center, Construction Research Institute, Egypt | ||||
| 2Benha University, Faculty of Engineering-Shoubra, Egypt. | ||||
| Abstract | ||||
| Hydraulic steel gates are commonly used for their superior characteristics in carrying both tensile and compressive stresses. Corrosion, operation, and maintenance costs make it essential to search for suitable alternatives. In this research, Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymers (GFRP) were investigated as a promising choice that can be used to resist flexure stresses as in case of hydraulic gates. Firstly, typical mechanical tests were conducted on nine specimens made of pure steel beams, four ribbed steel beams, twenty-four specimens of pure GFRP beams, along with four combined specimens from both materials. GFRP beams were also used in cooperation with polyester cemented sand to form a sandwich like beam. It was concluded that beams from GFRP achieved similar flexural capacity of steel beams of slimmer thickness. Combinations of steel and GFRP show satisfactory results while maintaining member ductility. The load capacity of the strengthened steel beams increased by 80% to 97% compared to specimens made from steel only. Failure modes for all specimens were introduced and compared. Moreover, numerical investigation was conducted using ABAQUS nonlinear module. Finite element models for three small gates of dimensions (1.0 x 1.0 m). A steel gate of thickness 14mm, Pure GFRP gates of thicknesses 29mm and 45mm were simulated. The 29mm GFRP gate was able to bear almost the same loads of the steel gate with equivalent deflection. Finally, it can be concluded that for small-scale hydraulic gates, GFRP can effectively be used as a suitable alternative for steel gates after setting limitations for failure strains. | ||||
| Keywords | ||||
| Steel; GFRP; Flexure strength; Tensile strength; F.E. Modelling | ||||
| References | ||||
|
[1] O. P. C. Series and M. Science, “The Efficiency of Steel Material as Buildings Construction The Efficiency of Steel Material as Buildings Construction,” 2020, doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/879/1/012148.
[2] L. Dai and X. He, “Experimental Study on Tensile Properties of GFRP Bars Embedded in Concrete Beams with Working Cracks,” MATEC Web Conf., vol. 88, pp. 0–5, 2016, doi: 10.1051/matecconf/20178802005.
[3] M. S. Travis Adams, “FATIGUE OF HYDRAULIC STEEL STRUCTURES – PIANC WG 189,” pp. 1–2, 2018.
[4] K. Murakami, T. Wakahara, I. Fukunaga, and H. Sakai, “Design of hydraulic performance,” JSAE Rev., vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 306–309, 1997, doi: 10.1016/S0389-4304(97)00006-4.
[5] C. Baumgart, T. Halle, C. Weigelt, L. Krüger, and C. G. Aneziris, “Effect of honeycomb cell geometry on compressive properties: Finite element analysis and experimental verification,” Sci. Technol. Mater., vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 35–42, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.stmat.2018.02.001.
[6] T. Tomiyama and I. Nishizaki, “Applicability of fiber reinforced plastics to hydraulic gates,” Compos. Civ. Eng. CICE 2006, no. Cice, pp. 453–456, 2020.
[7] P. Walunj, P. Thokal, K. Bidwai, and T. Jagtap, “Design & Analysis of Radial Dam Gate Using Glass Fibers,” vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 318–321, 2019.
[8] P. V. Vijay, P. R. Soti, H. V. S. GangaRao, R. G. Lampo, and J. D. Clarkson, “Design and evaluation of an integrated FRP composite wicket gate,” Compos. Struct., vol. 145, pp. 149–161, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2016.01.093.
[9] J. C. Trovillion, J. P. Ryan, and J. W. Harper, “FIBER REINFORCED POLYMER COMPOSITE IMPLEMENTATION IN by,” pp. 1–10, 2018.
[10] R. Sonnenschein, K. Gajdosova, and I. Holly, “FRP Composites and their Using in the Construction of Bridges,” Procedia Eng., vol. 161, pp. 477–482, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.proeng.2016.08.665.
[11] C. G. M and N. Bhanuprakash, “a Review on Mechanical Properties of Gfrp With Different Filler Materials,” Int. Res. J. Eng. Technol., vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 275–278, 2017.
[12] M. M. Önal, “Strengthening reinforced concrete beams with CFRP and GFRP,” Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng., vol. 2014, 2014, doi: 10.1155/2014/967964.
[13] M. M. Majed, M. Tavakkolizadeh, and A. A. Allawi, “Analytical study on torsional behavior of concrete beams strengthened with fiber reinforced polymer laminates using softened truss model,” Adv. Struct. Eng., vol. 24, no. 8, pp. 1642–1654, 2021, doi: 10.1177/1369433220981693.
[14] A. Landesmann, C. A. Seruti, and E. D. M. Batista, “Mechanical properties of glass fiber reinforced polymers members for structural applications,” Mater. Res., vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 1372–1383, 2015, doi: 10.1590/1516-1439.044615.
[15] R. Raval and U. Dave, “Behavior of GFRP wrapped RC columns of different shapes,” Procedia Eng., vol. 51, no. NUiCONE 2012, pp. 240–249, 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.proeng.2013.01.033.
[16] P. Pv, “Analysis of Cold-Formed Steel Built-up Closed Sections Strengthened with GFRP,” pp. 1–14, 2022.
[17] J. L. Abbas and A. A. Allawi, “Experimental and Numerical Investigations of Composite Concrete–Steel Plate Shear Walls Subjected to Axial Load,” Civ. Eng. J., vol. 5, no. 11, pp. 2402–2422, 2019, doi: 10.28991/cej-2019-03091420.
[18] T. A. Kinjawadekar, S. Patil, and G. Nayak, “A Critical Review on Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Bars as Reinforcement in Flexural Members,” J. Inst. Eng. Ser. A, vol. 104, no. 2, pp. 501–516, 2023, doi: 10.1007/s40030-023-00729-6.
[19] A. Nazir, A. Bin Arshad, S. C. Lin, and J. Y. Jeng, “Mechanical Performance of Lightweight-Designed Honeycomb Structures Fabricated Using Multijet Fusion Additive Manufacturing Technology,” 3D Print. Addit. Manuf., vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 311–325, 2022, doi: 10.1089/3dp.2021.0004.
[20] S. T. Method, “Standard Test Methods for Tensile, Compressive, and Flexural Creep and CreepRupture of Plastics,” vol. 08, no. Reapproved 1989, pp. 3–4, 2000.
[21] M. F. Sá, A. M. Gomes, J. R. Correia, and N. Silvestre, “Creep behavior of pultruded GFRP elements - Part 1: Literature review and experimental study,” Compos. Struct., vol. 93, no. 10, pp. 2450–2459, 2011, doi: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2011.04.013.
[22] S. Loni, I. Stefanou, and P. S. Valvo, “Experimental study on the creep behavior of GFRP pultruded beams,” XXI Congr. AIMETA (Associazione Ital. di Mecc. Teor. e Appl., pp. 1–10, 2013.
[23] S. Beddu, A. Syamsir, Z. A. M. Ishak, Z. M. Yusof, N. S. Hudi, and S. Nabihah, “Creep behavior of glass fibre reinforced polymer structures in crossarms transmission line towers,” AIP Conf. Proc., vol. 2031, 2018, doi: 10.1063/1.5066995.
[24] E. Code and O. F. Practice, “Egyptian Code of Practice ‘Allowable Stress Design,’” no. 279, 2001.
[25] C. Lu, Y. Yang, and L. He, “Mechanical and durability properties of GFRP bars exposed to aggressive solution environments,” Sci. Eng. Compos. Mater., vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 11–23, 2021, doi: 10.1515/secm-2021-0002.
[26] ASTM D4595, “Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Geotextiles by the Wide-Width Strip,” Astm, vol. i, no. Reapproved, pp. 1–13, 2015, doi: 10.1520/D4595-17.Copyright.
[27] ASTM D790, “Standard Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials. D790,” Annu. B. ASTM Stand., vol. i, pp. 1–12, 2002, doi: 10.1520/D0790-17.2.
[28] J. H. Ling, Y. Lim, and E. Jusli, “Methods to Determine Ductility of Structural Members: A Review,” J. Civ. Eng. Forum, pp. 181–194, May 2023, doi: 10.22146/jcef.6631.
[29] ASTM D3039, “Astm D3039/D3039M,” Annu. B. ASTM Stand., pp. 1–13, 2014, doi: 10.1520/D3039.
[30] Simulia, “ABAQUS/CAE User’s Guide,” Dassault Systèmes Simulia Corp., p. 14, 2014, [Online]. Available: www.3ds.com/simulia. | ||||
|
Statistics Article View: 91 PDF Download: 257 |
||||
