Major Bacterial Challenges Facing Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in Egyptian Fish Hatcheries | ||||
| Journal of Applied Veterinary Sciences | ||||
| Article 6, Volume 9, Issue 2, April 2024, Page 67-78 PDF (1015.28 K) | ||||
| Document Type: Original Article | ||||
| DOI: 10.21608/javs.2024.259686.1304 | ||||
 View on SCiNiTO | ||||
| Authors | ||||
Nourhan S. Elsayed1; Khaled N.E. Fahmy2; Mahmoud Abou-Okada1; Awad A. Abdelbaky3; Ahmed A. Eltahan 4; Alaa Eldin Eissa  5
| ||||
| 1Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211 Egypt | ||||
| 2Department of Nutrition and clinical nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt | ||||
| 3Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza11221 Egypt | ||||
| 4Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt | ||||
| 5Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine and Management Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University Giza 11221, Egypt | ||||
| Abstract | ||||
| Nile tilapia is the most farmed freshwater fish species across vast areas of the African continent. Although Egypt is considered the largest African producer of Nile tilapia, this fish has been faced with frequent episodes of mortality at both hatchery and farm levels. In the present study, we conducted field screenings to identify the major bacterial pathogens responsible for these mass kills among broodstocks and seeds in Egyptian hatcheries. Aeromonas hydrophila and Streptococcus agalactiae were determined to be the major bacterial threats to hatchery-reared Nile tilapia. The bacterial isolates were presumptively identified using conventional biochemical tests and the API 20 NE miniaturized test. The final identities of the retrieved bacterial isolates were molecularly confirmed using PCR and sequencing of 16S rRNA genes. A. hydrophila and S. agalactiae isolates were found to be sensitive to florfenicol, while the two isolates exhibited resistance to novobiocin and ampicillin. The A. hydrophila isolates were confirmed to be sensitive to oxytetracycline, whereas the S. agalactiae isolates were sensitive to erythromycin. Histopathological examination of the livers of infected fish revealed vacuolar degeneration and necrosis of hepatocytes. Remarkably, infiltrations of Gram-positive cocci were documented within hepatic parenchyma and brain tissues. Further, the infected fish exhibited edematous brains with inflammatory cell infiltration through the meninges. Severe retinal pathology, including collagen fibre disorganization, oedema, and inflammatory cell infiltration was also detected. The current study emphasizes the deleterious impacts of some ubiquitous bacterial pathogens on the health status of Nile tilapia broodstocks and their seeds. Ultimately, we affirm that regular monitoring of water quality, feed quality, proper handling of broodstocks, and accurate diagnosis is a crucial asset in preventing disease spread and mass fish kills in Egyptian hatcheries. | ||||
| Keywords | ||||
| Aeromonas hydrophila; Aquaculture; Broodstocks; Nile tilapia; Streptococcus agalactiae; Summer mortalities | ||||
| References | ||||
|
ABD EL-TAWAB, A.A., MAAROUF, A.A., EL HOFY, F. I., and EL MOUGY, E. A., 2017. Detection of some virulence genes in A. hydrophila and A. caviae isolated from fresh water fishes at Qalubia Governorate. Benha Veterinary Medical Journal 33(2): 489-503. https://doi.org/10.21608/bvmj.2017.30598
ABDEL-LATIF, H.M., DAWOOD, M.A., MENANTEAU-LEDOUBLE, S., and EL-MATBOULI, M., 2020. The nature and consequences of co-infections in tilapia: A review. Journal of Fish Diseases. 43: 651–664. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfd.13164
ABDELSALAM, M., ASHEG, A., and EISSA, A. E., 2013. Streptococcus dysgalactiae: An emerging pathogen of fishes and mammals. International Journal of Veterinary Science and Medicine, 1(1): 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijvsm.2013.04.002
ABOYADAK, I.M. ALI, N.G.M., GODA, A.M.A.S., ABOELGALAGEL, W.H., and SALAM, A. M. E., 2015. Molecular detection of Aeromonas hydrophila as the main cause of outbreak in tilapia farms in Egypt. Journal of Aquaculture and Marine Biology 2: 2-5. https://doi.org/10.15406/jamb.2015.02.00045
ABU‐ELALA, N.M., ABD‐ELSALAM, R.M., and YOUNIS, N.A., 2020. Streptococcosis, Lactococcosis and Enterococcosis are potential threats facing cultured Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) production. Aquaculture research 51(10): 4183-4195. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.14760
ABU-ELALA, N.M., ABD-ELSALAM, R.M., MAROUF, S., ABDELAZIZ, M., and MOUSTAFA, M., 2016. Eutrophication, ammonia intoxication, and infectious disease Interdisciplinary factors of mass mortalities in cultured Nile tilapia. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health 28(3): 187–198. https://doi.org/10.1080/08997659.2016.1185050
ABU-ELALA, N.M., SAMIR, A., WASFY, M., and ELSAYED, M., 2019. Efficacy of injectable and immersion vaccines against streptococcal infections in broodstock and offspring of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Fish and Shellfish Immunology 88: 293–300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2019.02.042
AHMED, S.H.M., and SHOREIT, A.M., 2001. Bacterial hemorrhagic septicemia in Oreochromis niloticus at Aswan fish hatcheries. Assiut Veterinary Medical Journa45 (89): 190-206. https://doi.org/10.21608/avmj.2001.179674
AISYHAH, M.A.S., AMAL, M.N.A., ZAMRI-SAAD, M. SITI-ZAHRAH, A., and SHAQINAH, N. N., 2015. Streptococcus agalactiae isolates from cultured fishes in Malaysia manifesting low resistance pattern towards selected antibiotics. Journal of Fish Diseases. 38: 1093–1098. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfd.12351
AL-OBAIDI, M.M.J., and DESA, M.N.M., 2018. Mechanisms of blood brain barrier disruption by different types of bacteria, and bacterial–host interactions facilitate the bacterial pathogen invading the brain. Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology 38(7): 1349–1368. https://doi.org/10. 1007/s10571-018-0609-2
AL TAEE, K. S., AL-MALLAH, K., and KH. ISMAIL, H., 2020. Review On Some Heavy Metals Toxicity On Freshwater Fishes. Journal of Applied Veterinary Sciences 5(3): 78-86. https://dx.doi.org/10.21608/javs.2020.100157
AOKI, T. 2011. Fish diseases and disorders. viral, bacterial and fungal infections. CABI Publishing. Wallingford. U.K.
APHA, 1995. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 18th edition. APHA-AWWA-WPCF, Washington DC
AUSTIN, B., and AUSTIN, D.A., 2016. Bacterial Fish Pathogens: Disease of Farmed and Wild Fish. Springer.
AUSTIN, B., and AUSTIN, D.A., 2012. Vibrionaceae representatives. In Bacterial Fish Pathogens: Disease of Farmed and Wild Fish. Springer, Dordrecht. pp. 357-411
AZMAI, M.N.A., and SAAD, M., 2011. Streptococcosis in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus): A review. Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science 34: 195–206.
BANCROFT, J. D., LAYTON, C., and SUVARNA, S. K., 2013. Bancroft's theory and practice of histological techniques. Churchill Livingstone Elsevier.
BARATO, P., MARTINS, E.R., VASQUEZ, G.M., RAMIREZ, M., MELO-CRISTINO, J., MARTINEZ, N., and IREGUI, C., 2016. Capsule impairs efficient adherence of Streptococcus agalactiae to intestinal epithelium in tilapias Oreochromis sp. Microbial Pathogenesis 100: 30–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2016.08.040
BASRI, L., NOR, R.M., SALLEH, A.M.D., YASIN, I.S., SAAD, M.Z., ABD. RAHAMAN, N.Y., BARKHAM, T., and AMAL, M.N.A., 2020. Co-Infections of Tilapia Lake Virus, Aeromonas hydrophila and Streptococcus agalactiae in Farmed Red Hybrid Tilapia. Animals 10: 2141. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10112141
BATDORJ, B., DALGALARRONDO, M., CHOISET, Y., PEDROCHE, J., MÉTRO, F., PREVOST, H., CHOBERT, M., and HAERTLÉ, T., 2006. Purification and characterization of two bacteriocins produced by lactic acid bacteria isolated from Mongolian airag. Journal of Applied Microbiology 101(4): 837-848. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.02966.x
BOWATER, R.O., FORBES-FAULKNER, J., ANDERSON, I.G., CONDON, K., ROBINSON, B., KONG, F., GILBERT, G.L., REYNOLDS, A., HYLAND, S., and MCPHERSON, G., 2012. Natural outbreak of Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS) infection in wild giant Queensland grouper, Epinephelus lanceolatus (Bloch), and other wild fish in northern Queensland, Australia. Journal of Fish Diseases 35: 173– 186. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.2011.01332.x
CHANG, P.H. and PLUMB, J.A., 1996. Effects of salinity on Streptococcus infection of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Journal of Applied Aquaculture 6: 39-45. https://doi.org/10.1300/J028v06n01_04
CIPRIANO, R.C., 2001. Aeromonas hydrophila and motile aeromonad septicemias of fish. Fish Disease. Leaf 68: 1-25.
CLSI., 2017. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. 27th ed. CLSI document M100–S27. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Wayne. Pennsylvania.
DAHDOUH, B., BASHA, O., KHALIL, S., and TANEKHY, M., 2016. Molecular Characterization, Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Salt Tolerance of Aeromonas hydrophila from Fresh, Brackish and Marine fishes. Alexandria Journal of Veterinary Sciences 48 (2): 46-53. https://dx.doi.org/10.5455/ajvs.208107
DANEMAN, R., and PRAT, A., 2015. The blood-brain barrier. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology 7(1): 020412. https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a020412
DORAN, K.S., LIU, G.Y., and NIZET,V., 2003. Group B streptococcal beta-hemolysin/cytolysin activates neutrophil signaling pathways in brain endothelium and contributes to development of meningitis. The Journal of Clinical Investigation 112(5): 736–744. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci17335
EISSA, A. E., ATTIAN M. M., ELGENDY, M. Y., ISMAIL, G. A., SABRY, N. M., and PRINCE, A., 2021. Streptococcus, Centrocestus formosanus and Myxobolus tilapiae concurrent infections in farmed Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Microbial Pathogenesis 158: 105084. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105084
EISSA, A., THARWAT, N., and ZAKI M., 2013. Field assessment of the mid winter mass kills of trophic fishes at Mariotteya stream, Egypt: Chemical and biological pollution synergistic model. Chemosphere;90(3):1061-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.09.010
EISSA, A.E. 2016. Clinical and laboratory manual of fish diseases. LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing.
EL-BAHAR, H. M., ALI, N. G., ABOYADAK, I. M., KHALIL, S. A. E. S., and IBRAHIM, M. S., 2019. Virulence genes contributing to Aeromonas hydrophila pathogenicity in Oreochromis niloticus. Int. Microbiol. 22: 479. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10123-019-00075-3
ELGENDY, M. Y., MOUSTAFA, M., GAAFAR, A. Y., and BORHAN, T., 2015. Impacts of extreme cold water conditions and some bacterial infections on earthen-pond cultured Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. RJPBCS, 6: 136-145. https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/full/10.5555/20153064383
ENANY, M., EIDAROOS, N., and ELTAMIMY, N., 2019. Microbial causes of summer mortality in farmed fish in Egypt. Suez Canal Veterinary Medical Journal. SCVMJ, 24(1): 45-56.
FAO., 2020. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2020. Food and Agriculture Organization - UN, Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/ca9229en
FARUK, M.A.R., ALAM M.J., SARKER M.M.R., and KABIR, M.B., 2004. Status of fish disease and health management practices in rural freshwater aquaculture of Bangladesh. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences , 7 (12): 2092-2098. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2004.2092.2098
HAMOUDA, A. H., MOUSTAFA, E. M., and ZAYED, M. M., 2019. Overview on the most prevailing bacterial diseases infecting Oreochromis niloticus at Aswan fish hatchery, Egypt. Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci. 7(11): 950-961. https://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/files/AAVS_7_11_950-961.pdf
HARDI, E. H., NUGROHO, R. A., SAPTIANI, G., SARINAH, R., AGRIANDINI, M., and MAWARDI, M., 2018. Identification of potentially pathogenic bacteria from tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and channel catfish (Clarias batrachus) culture in Samarinda, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 19 (2): 480-488. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d190215
HASIMUNA, O.J., MAULU, S., MPHANDE, J., 2020. Aquaculture health management practices in zambia: status, challenges and proposed biosecurity measures. Journal of Aquaculture Research and Development,11, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.35248/2155-9546.19.10.584
IKENAGA, T., YOSHIDA, M., and UEMATSU, K., 2005. Morphology and immunohistochemistry of efferent neurons of the goldfish corpus cerebelli. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 487(3), 300–311. https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.20553
KUMAR, S., STECHER, G., LI, M., KNYAZ, C., and TAMURA, K., 2018. MEGA X: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis across Computing Platforms. Mol. Biol. Evol. 35(6): 1547-1549. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msy096
LAGACÉ, L., PITRE, M., JACQUES, M., and ROY, D., 2004. Identification of the bacterial community of maple sap by using amplified ribosomal DNA (RDNA) restriction analysis and RDNA sequencing. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70(4): 2052–2060. https://doi.org/10.1128%2FAEM.70.4.2052-2060.2004
LIAO, P.C., TSAI, Y.L., CHEN, Y.C., WANG, P.C., LIU, S.C., and CHEN, S.C., 2020. Analysis of streptococcal infection and correlation with climatic factors in cultured tilapia Oreochromis spp, Taiwan. Applied Sciences 10(11): 2076–3417. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10114018
LIU, J., GAO, S., DONG, Y., LU, C., and LIU, Y., 2020. Isolation and characterization of bacteriophages against virulent Aeromonas hydrophila. BMC Microbiology 20: 141. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-020-01811-w
LUSIASTUTI, A. M., TEXTOR, M., SEEGER, H., AKINEDEN, Ö., and ZSCHÖCK, M., 2014. The occurrence of Streptococcus agalactiae sequence type 261 from fish disease outbreaks of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in Indonesia. Aquac. Res. 45: 1260–1263. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.12069
MARINHO-NETO, F.A., CLAUDIANO, G.S., YUNIS-AGUINAGA, J.,CUEVA-QUIROZ, V. A., KOBASHIGAWA, K. K., and CRUZ, N. R., 2019. Morphological, microbiological and ultrastructural aspects of sepsis by Aeromonas hydrophila in Piaractus mesopotamicus. PLoS One 14(9): e0222626. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0222626
MCANDREW, B.J. 2000. Evolution, phylogenetic relationships and biogeography. In: Beveridge, M.C. M., McAndrew, B. J., eds. Tilapias: Biology and Exploitation. Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 1-32.
MIGAUD, H., BELL, G., CABRITA, E., MCANDREW, B., DAVIE, A., BOBE, J., HERRAEZ, M.P., and CARRILLO, M., 2013. Gamete quality and broodstock management in temperate fish. Reviews in Aquaculture,5, pp.S194-S223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/raq.12025
NAGPAL, M.L., FOX, K.F., and FOX, A., 1998. Utility of 16S–23S rRNA spacer region methodology: how similar are interspace regions within a genome and between strains for closely related organisms. J. Microbiol. Methods 33: 211-219. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-7012(98)00054-2
NASR-ALLAH, A. M., DICKSON, M. W., AL-KENAWY, D. A. R., AHMED, M. F. M., and EL-NAGGAR, G. O., 2014. Technical characteristics and economic performance of commercial tilapia hatcheries applying different management systems in Egypt. Aquaculture 426: 222-230. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2181-2625
NGUYEN, H.T., KANAI,K., and YOSHIKOSHI, K., 2002. Ecological investigation of Streptococcus iniae in cultured Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) using selective isolation procedures. Aquaculture 205(1): 7–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00667-6
OSMAN, K. M., AL-MAARY, K. S., MUBARAK, A. S., DAWOUD, T. M., MOUSSA, I.M., IBRAHIM, M. D., and FAWZY, N. M., 2017. Characterization and susceptibility of streptococci and enterococci isolated from Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) showing septicaemia in aquaculture and wild sites in Egypt. BMC Veterinary Research 13(1): 357. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-017-1289-8
POYART, C., PELLEGRINI, E., GAILLOT, O., BOUMAILA, C., BAPTISTA, M., and TRIEU-CUOT, P., 2001. Contribution of Mn-cofactored superoxide dismutase (SodA) to the virulence of Streptococcus agalactiae. Infection and Immunity,69(8), 5098–5106. PubMed. https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.69.8
RAJ, N. S., SWAMINATHAN, T. R., DHARMARATNAM, A., RAJA, S. A., RAMRAJ, D., and LAL, K. K., 2019. Aeromonas veronii caused bilateral exophthalmia and mass mortality in cultured Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.) in India. Aquaculture 512: 734278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.734278
RICE, E. W., BRIDGEWATER, L., and AMERICAN PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOCIATION., 2012. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater (Volume.10). Washington, DC: American public health association.
RODKHUM, C., KAYANSAMRUAJ, P., and Pirarat, N., 2011. Effect of water temperature on susceptibility to Streptococcus agalactiae serotype Ia infection in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine 41(3): 309-314. https://doi.org/10.56808/2985-1130.2314
SALEH, M. A. 2007. Freshwater fish seed resources in Egypt. In: Bondad-Reantaso, M.G. (Ed.), Assessment of Freshwater Fish Seed Resources for Sustainable Aquaculture, FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. FAO, Rome, pp. 241–255.
SEBASTIÃO, F. D. A., LEMOS, E. G., and PILARSKI, F., 2015. Validation of absolute quantitative real-time PCR for the diagnosis of Streptococcus agalactiae in fish. Journal of microbiological methods, 119, 168-175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mimet.2015.10.021
SHAALAN, M., EL-MAHDY, M., SALEH, M., and EL-MATBOULI, M., 2018. Aquaculture in Egypt: insights on the current trends and future perspectives for sustainable development. Reviews in Fisheries Science and Aquaculture 26: 99–110. https://doi.org/10.1080/23308249.2017.1358696
SHOURBELA, R.M., KHATAB, S.A., HASSAN, M.M., VAN DOAN,H. and DAWOOD, M.A.O., 2021. The effect of stocking density and carbon sources on the oxidative status, and nonspecific immunity of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) reared under biofloc conditions. Animals 11: 184. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11010184
SMALL, B., and BILODEAU, A., 2005. Effects of cortisol and stress on channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) pathogen susceptibility and lysozyme activity following exposure to Edwardsiella ictaluri. General and comparative endocrinology 142(1-2): 256-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2004.12.004
SOTO, E., WANG, R., WILES, J., BAUMGARTNER, W., GREEN, C., PLUMB, J., and HAWKE, J., 2015. Characterization of isolates of Streptococcus agalactiae from diseased farmed and wild marine fish from the US Gulf Coast, Latin America, and Thailand. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health 27(2): 123–134. https://doi.org/10.1080/08997659.2015.1032439
STRATEV, D., GUROVA, E., VASHIN, I., and DASKALOV, H., 2016. Multiplex PCR detection of heamolysin genes in β-heamolytic Aeromonas hydrophila strains isolated from fish and fish products. Bulgarian J. Agricultural Science. 22 (2): 308-314. https://www.agrojournal.org/22/02-23.pdf
SUDPRASEART, C., WANG, P.C., and CHEN, S.C., 2021. Phenotype, genotype and pathogenicity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from cultured tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) in Taiwan. Journal of fish diseases 44(6): 747-756. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfd.13296
VOS, P., GARRITY, G., JONES, D., KRIEG, N. R., LUDWIG, W., RAINEY, F. A., and WHITMAN, W. B., 2011. Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology: Volume 3: The Firmicutes (Vol. 3). Springer Science and Business Media.
WAMALA, S. P., MUGIMBA, K. K., MUTOLOKI, S., EVENSEN, Ø., MDEGELA, R., BYARUGABA, D. K., and SØRUM, H., 2018. Occurrence and antibiotic susceptibility of fish bacteria isolated from Oreochromis niloticus (Nile tilapia) and Clarias gariepinus (African catfish). Uganda Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 21: 6-16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41240-017-0080-x
YARDIMCI, B., and AYDIN, Y., 2011. Pathological findings of experimental Aeromonas hydrophila infection in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 58(1), pp.47-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1501/Vetfak_0000002448
YEN-HSI LIU, G., and NIZET, V., 2004. Extracellular virulence factors of group B streptococci. Frontiers in Bioscience: A Journal and Virtual Library, 9, 1794–1802. https://doi.org/10.2741/1296
ZHAO, Y., HUANG, J., MA, L., and WANG, F., 2017. Development and validation of a simple and fast method for simultaneous determination of aflatoxin B1 and sterigmatocystin in grains. Food chemistry 221: 11-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.10.036 | ||||
|
Statistics Article View: 220 PDF Download: 181 |
||||
