Pathogenesis of Portal Hypertension and Esophageal Varices

1-   D’Amico G, Luca A, Morabito A, Miraglia R, D'Amico M (2005): Uncovered transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for refractory ascites: a meta-analysis. Gastroenterology 129: 1282-93.

2-    Garcia-Tsao G, Sanyal AJ, Grace ND, Carey W (2007): Practice Guidelines Committee of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases; Practice Parameters Committee of the American College of Gastroenterology. Prevention and management of gastroesophagealvarices and variceal hemorrhage in cirrhosis. Hepatology 3: 922-38.

3-   Mathur SK (2008): Cirrhosis and portal hypertension. In: Haribhakti S, ed. Clinical GI surgery e a reference book for surgeons. 1st ed. Ahmedabad: Haribhakti Education Foundation 835-56.

4-   De Franchis R(2010):  Revising consensus in portal hypertension: Report of the Baveno V consensus workshop on methodology of diagnosis and therapy in portal hypertension.  Journal of Hepatology 53: 762-8.

5-   Graham DY, Smith JL (1981): The course of patients after variceal hemorrhage. Gastroenterology 80:800-809.

6-    Burroughs AK, Sanchez A, Bass NM, et al (1983): Can endoscopic sclerotherapy influence significantly the course of cirrhotics who survive variceal bleeding? (Abstr.) Gut 24:A972.

7-   Schalm SW, van BuurenHR(1985): Prevention of recurrent variceal bleeding: Nonsurgical procedures. ClinGastroenterol 14:209- 232.

8-   Atucha NM, Shah V, Garcia-Cardena G, Sessa WE, Groszmann RJ (1996): Role of endothelium in the abnormal response of mesenteric vessels in rats with portal hypertension and liver cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 111: 1627-32.

9-   Gupta TK, Toruner M, Chung MK, Groszmann RJ (1998): Endothelial dysfunction and decreased production of nitric oxide in the intrahepatic microcirculation of cirrhotic rats. Hepatology 28: 926-31.

10-  Harrison DG (1997): Cellular and molecular mechanisms of endothelial cell dysfunction.  Journal of Clinical Investigation 100: 2153–2157.

11-  Gupta T K, Toruner M, Chung M K, and Groszmann R J(1998): Endothelial dysfunction and decreased production of nitric oxide in the intrahepatic microcirculation of cirrhotic rats.  Hepatology 28: 926–931.

12-  Zafra C, Abraldes J G, Turnes J et al. (2004): Simvastatin enhances hepatic nitric oxide production and decreases the hepatic vascular tone in patients with cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 126: 749–755.

13-  Abraldes J G, Albillos A,.Banares R et al. (2009): Simvastatin lowers portal pressure in patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension: a randomized controlled trial.  Gastroenterology 136: 1651–1658.

14-  Bosch J, Berzigotti A, Garcia-Pagan JC, et al (2008): The management of portal hypertension: rational basis, available treatments and future options. J Hepatol 48: S68-S92

15-  Wiest R, Groszmann RJ (1999): Nitric oxide and portal hypertension: its role in the regulation of intrahepatic and splanchnic vascular resistance. Seminars in Liver Disease 19:411–426.

16-  Loureiro-Silva MR, Iwakiri Y, Abraldes JG,  Haq O , Groszmann RJ  (2006):Increased phosphodiesterase- 5 expression is involved in the decreased vasodilator response to nitric oxide in cirrhotic rat livers. J Hepatol 44: 886-93.

17-  Shah V, Garcia-Cardena G, Sessa WC, Groszmann R.J (1998): The hepatic circulation in health and disease: report of a single-topic symposium.  Hepatology 27: 279-88.

18-  Pannen BHJ, K¨ohler N, Hole B, Bauer M, Clemens MG, Geiger KK (1998): Protective role of endogenous carbon monoxide in hepatic microcirculatory dysfunction after hemorrhagic shock in rats. Journal of Clinical Investigation 102: 1220-8.

19-  Tarquini R, Masini E, La Villa G, Barletta G, Novelli M, Mastroianni R, Romanelli RG, Vizzutti F, Santosuosso U, Laffi G (2009):  Increased plasma carbon monoxide in patients with viral cirrhosis and hyperdynamic circulation. Am J of Gastroenterolology 104: 891-7.

20-  Thalheimer U, Bellis L, Puoti C, et al (2011). Should we routinely measure portal pressure in patients with cirrhosis, using hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) as a guide for prophylaxis and therapy of bleeding and rebleeding? Eur J Intern Med 22: 5-7

21-  Bosch J, Abraldes JC, Fernàndez M, et al. (2010):  Hepatic endothelial dysfunction and abnormal angiogenesis: new targets in the treatment of portal hypertension. J Hepatol 53: 558-67

22-  Vorobioff J, Bredfeldt JE, Groszmann RJ (1984): Increased blood flow through the portal system in cirrhotic rats. Gastroenterology 87: 1120-6.

23-  Iwakiri Y, Groszmann RJ (2006): The hyperdynamic circulation of chronic liver disease: from the patient to the molecule. Hepatology 43: 121-31.

24-  Bosch J, Garcia-Pagan JC (2000): Complications of cirrhosis. I. Portal hypertension,” Journal of  Hepatology 32: 141-56.

25-  Gatta A, Bolognesi M, Merkel C (2008): Vasoactive factors and hemodynamicmechanisms in the pathophysiology of portalhypertension in cirrhosis. Mol Aspects Med 29: 119-129.

26-  Sherwin R, Joshi P, Hendler R, Felig P, Conn HO (1974):Hyperglucagonemiain Laennec’s cirrhosis. The role of portal-systemicshunting. N Engl J Med 290: 239-242.

27-   Benoit JN, Womack WA, Hernandez L, Granger DN (1985): Forward“and „backward“ flow mechanisms of portal hypertension.Relative contributions in the rat model of portalvein stenosis. Gastroenterology 89: 1092-1096.

28-  Vallance P, Moncada S (1991). Hyperdynamic circulation in cirrhosis: a role for nitric oxide? Lancet 337: 776-778.

29-   Bosch J, Pizcueta P, Feu F, Fernández M, García-Pagán JC (1992).Pathophysiology of portal hypertension. GastroenterolClin North Am 21: 1-14.

30-  Sogni P, Moreau R, Gadano A, Lebrec D (1995). The role of nitric oxide in the hyperdynamic circulatory syndrome associated with portal hypertension. J Hepatol23: 218-224.

31-  Sacerdoti D, Abraham NG, Oyekan AO, Yang L, Gatta A, McGiff JC (2004): Role of the hemeoxygenases in abnormalities of the mesenteric circulation in cirrhotic rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 308: 636-643

32-  Blendis L, Wong F (2001): The hyperdynamic circulation in cirrhosis: an overview. Pharmacol Ther 89: 221-231.

33-  Menon KV, Kamath PS (2001): Regional and systemic hemodynamic disturbances in cirrhosis. [viii.]. Clin Liver Dis 5: 617-27.

34-  Sanyal J, Bosch A, Blei, Arroyo V (2008): Portal hypertension and its complications. Gastroenterology 134: 1715-28.

35-  Widrich WC, Srinivasan M, Semine MC, Robbins AH (1984). Collateral pathways of the left gastric vein in portal hypertension. Am JRoentgenol 142: 375–82.

36-  Bengmark S, Borjesson B, Hoevels J, Joelsson B, Lunderquist A, Owman T (1979). Obliteration of esophageal varices by PTP. Ann Surg 190: 549–54.

37-  Hashizume M, Kitano S, Sugimachi K, Sueishi K (1988). Three dimensional view of the vascular structure of the lower esophagus in clinical portal hypertension. Hepatology 8: 1482–7.

38-  Hassab MA, Younis MT and el-Kilany MS (1968): Gastroesophagealdecongesion and splenectomy in the treatment of esophageal varices secondary to bilharizeal cirrhosis; anatomical and experimental studies. Surgery 63:731-7.

39-   Kitano S, Terblanche  J, Kahn D and Bornman PC (1986): Venous anatomy of the lower oesophagus in portal hypertension: practical implications. Br J Surg 73:525-31.