DETECTION AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF AMOEBIC CONTAMINATION TO CONTACT LENSES AS A POTENTIAL PATHOGENIC THREAT CAUSING KERATITIS IN SAUDI ARABIA

FARRAG, HAIAM MOHAMED MAHMOUD; ALKHALIL, SAMIA S.; HAKAMI, MOHAMMED AGEELI; GABER, MONA; DARWISH, MARWA KAMAL; BADAWI, AMIRA ELTAYEB MUSTAFA; AHMAD, ALZAHRAA ABDELRAOUF

doi:10.21608/avmj.2024.333203.1457

	DETECTION AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF AMOEBIC CONTAMINATION TO CONTACT LENSES AS A POTENTIAL PATHOGENIC THREAT CAUSING KERATITIS IN SAUDI ARABIA
Assiut Veterinary Medical Journal
Volume 71, Issue 184, January 2025, Page 318-334 PDF (1017.51 K)
Document Type: Research article
DOI: 10.21608/avmj.2024.333203.1457
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Authors
HAIAM MOHAMED MAHMOUD FARRAG ¹; SAMIA S. ALKHALIL²; MOHAMMED AGEELI HAKAMI²; MONA GABER³; MARWA KAMAL DARWISH⁴; AMIRA ELTAYEB MUSTAFA BADAWI²; ALZAHRAA ABDELRAOUF AHMAD³
¹Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Shaqra University, Al-Quwaiiyah 19257, Saudi Arabia and Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, 71515, Assiut, Egypt
²Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Shaqra University, Al-Quwaiiyah 19257, Saudi Arabia
³Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, 71515, Assiut, Egypt
⁴Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Shaqra University, Al-Quwaiiyah 19257, Saudi Arabia and Chemistry Department (Biochemistry Branch), Faculty of Science, Suez University, Suez, 43518, Egypt.
Abstract
Acanthamoeba spp. is a potentially pathogenic free-living amoeba (FLA) that causes central nervous system infections in both humans and animals and is a significant cause of human keratitis, typically through contaminated water sources, soil, and contact lens solutions. The study aimed to investigate the contamination rate of contact lenses (CL) and their cleaning solutions with FLA, with a specific focus on Acanthamoeba as a potential health threat to Saudi Arabian contact lens wearers. A total of 105 samples of previously used contact lenses and their preservative solutions were donated by female students at Shaqra University, Saudi Arabia. Amoebae were isolated through culturing and morphologically identified using standard keys. Molecular identifications based on gene-specific PCR assays were also conducted for all positive cultures. Additionally, genotyping and phylogenetic analysis for Acanthamoeba isolates were performed. Of all the samples, 56.19% were infected with Acanthamoeba and Vahlkampfiidae Acanthamoeba spp. were detected in 76.3% of the positive cultures (n = 45), while Vahlkampfiidae contaminated 27 culture samples, either single or mixed infection, including Naegleria sp. Morphological identification revealed five Acanthamoeba species, namely Acanthamoeba castellenii, A. triangularis, A. polyphaga (group II), A. astronyxis (group I), and A. lenticulate (group III). Sequence analysis of the 18S rRNA gene revealed two strains: A. castellanii (T4 genotype) and A. polyphagia (T2 genotype). This report highlights the first identification of FLA contamination in contact lenses and cleaning solutions in Saudi Arabia. Efforts are needed to prevent Acanthamoeba contamination, and further studies should investigate potential environmental contamination with pathogenic FLA across Saudi Arabian governorates.
Keywords
Acanthamoeba; contact lens; contamination; phylogenic analysis; Saudi Arabia


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