Secondary Hypertension: Diagnosis, Management, and Nursing Intervention-An Updated Review

Alreshidi, Jamal Muaidh; Alharbi, Abdullah Nughaymish; Aljohani, Abdulmajed Falah; Alshammari, Fahad Khalifah Mordhy; Alshammari, Ashawi Hamed Ashawi; Obaid, Alomrani Mufleh; Alotaibi, Adel Meter; Alharbi, Fares Saad; Al Thabbahi, Naif Ali Saeed; Alharbi, Nawaf Sahab Ghunim; Khabarani, Yahya Qasim; Albeladi, Abdulmajeed Hamad; Alosimi, Muhammed Lafi; Alzahrani, Yousef Dhaif Allah; Alharbi, Hareth Mohmed

doi:10.21608/ejchem.2025.348047.11051

	Secondary Hypertension: Diagnosis, Management, and Nursing Intervention-An Updated Review
Egyptian Journal of Chemistry
Volume 68, Issue 2, February 2025, Page 165-174 PDF (260.72 K)
Document Type: Review Articles
DOI: 10.21608/ejchem.2025.348047.11051
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Authors
Jamal Muaidh Alreshidi¹; Abdullah Nughaymish Alharbi¹; Abdulmajed Falah Aljohani²; Fahad Khalifah Mordhy Alshammari³; Ashawi Hamed Ashawi Alshammari³; Alomrani Mufleh Obaid²; Adel Meter Alotaibi⁴; Fares Saad Alharbi⁵; Naif Ali Saeed Al Thabbahi⁵; Nawaf Sahab Ghunim Alharbi⁵; Yahya Qasim Khabarani⁵; Abdulmajeed Hamad Albeladi⁵; Muhammed Lafi Alosimi⁵; Yousef Dhaif Allah Alzahrani⁶; Hareth Mohmed Alharbi⁵
¹Hail General Hospital, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia
²Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia
³King Khalid Hospital, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia
⁴‏Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
⁵Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
⁶Prince Sultan Armed Forces Hospital, Taif, Saudi Arabia
Abstract
Background: Hypertension, a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, affects over 30% of adults worldwide. While essential hypertension accounts for most cases, secondary hypertension, caused by identifiable underlying conditions, is present in approximately 10% of individuals with hypertension. Recognizing secondary hypertension is crucial as it may lead to targeted therapies, potentially resolving hypertension. Key indicators for further investigation include resistant hypertension, sudden increases in BP, and hypertension in younger individuals without common risk factors. Various causes, such as renal parenchymal diseases, endocrine disorders, and drug-induced hypertension, contribute to the development of secondary hypertension. Aim: This review aims to provide an updated overview of secondary hypertension, focusing on its diagnosis, management strategies, and nursing interventions. Methods: A comprehensive review of recent studies on secondary hypertension was conducted, examining its etiology, pathophysiology, diagnostic approaches, and treatment strategies. Relevant clinical guidelines and research articles were analyzed to outline the nursing role in managing patients with secondary hypertension. Results: Secondary hypertension's prevalence varies by age, with children under 12 and adults over 65 showing the highest rates. Renal parenchymal diseases and endocrine disorders, particularly primary aldosteronism, are the most common causes. The pathophysiology of secondary hypertension involves alterations in cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance due to factors like volume expansion, hormone imbalances, and vascular resistance. Diagnostic tests such as serum creatinine, renal ultrasound, and hormonal assays are critical in identifying underlying causes. Conclusion: Early identification of secondary hypertension can lead to more effective management, potentially resolving hypertension through targeted treatment. Nurses play a vital role in early detection, patient education, and adherence to treatment plans, helping reduce complications associated with secondary hypertension
Keywords
Secondary hypertension; diagnosis; management; renal parenchymal disease; endocrine disorders; nursing interventions; hypertension treatment


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