INFLUENCE OF THREONINE SUPPLEMENTED LEVELS ON PRODUCTIVE AND REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF LAYING JAPANESE QUAILS.

 

I.M.M. Assaf; A. M. A. Torkia, I. A. Azazi and E.E. M. EL- Sysy

 Animal Production Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt.

 

 

ABSTRACT:

This study was carried out to investigate the influence of dietary levels threonine on the productive and reproductive performance of laying Japanese quails. One hundred and sixty- two of adult Japanese quails (6 weeks of age) were divided into 9 treatments (18 in each). Each treatment group was divided into six replicates of 3 birds (one male and two females) in each treatment. Birds were fed nine experimental diets,  where threonine supplementation levels were 0.0, 0.5, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25, 0.30, 0.35 and 0.40%.

Results obtained showed that: Increasing dietary threonine level caused increase in most egg productive traits of laying Japanese quail. The supplemented threonine at level 0.15 % to the basal diet significantly (P£ 0.01)  showed the best results in egg weight (EW), feed intake (FI), daily egg production (DEP),  feed conversion (FC),  egg mass (EM), egg production (EP) and egg number (EN) of Japanese quails. However, there were significant differences (P£ 0.05) among treatment in egg weight, shape index, yolk weight percentage and Haugh units, while other measurements of egg quality did not influence by dietary threonine levels. Also, no significant differences shown among treatment groups in both males or females in reproductive organs. Dietary threonine levels at 0.20% recorded the best value of hatchability per total and fertile eggs (77.82 and 80.63%, respectively). High economic efficiency and relative economic efficiency obtained for Japanese quails fed diets  supplemented with threonine (Thr) at levels 0.05 and 0.15%,  respectively.

Conclusively, it could be concluded that diets of laying Japanese quails determined according to NRC recommendation were not sufficient for threonine needs. It is worthy to note that diets supplemented with Thr at levels 0.05 up to 0.15% resulted improvement in egg production traits, egg quality, hatchability  (%), as well as,  economic efficiency and relative economic efficiency, under Egyptian environmental conditions.

Key words: Threonine levels, corn- soybean diet, egg productive and reproductive traits, Japanese quails.

INTRODUCTION

          It is well known that quails have the advantages of rapid growth, small size, good reproductive potential, short life cycle, low feed requirement, good meat taste, better laying ability and short time of hatching as compared with different species of poultry, further more, quails could be considered good and economical source for animal protein (Panda and Singh, 1990).

                Threonine is among the of interest amino acids in diet containing low protein levels. So, when low dietary protein levels of laying hens supplemented with threonine, feed conversion was improved, egg quality and feed intake were not differ during laying period, weight gain and egg production increased with increasing protein levels (Lund, 1991). Results of Chen- Tian et al., (1997) concluded that diet of ducks containing more than 0.70% Thr gave better egg production, while fertility and hatchability were not significantly differed.

                In addition, (Kidd et al., 1996) stated that low crude protein diets contain threonine limiting ingredients may require supplemental threonine for optimal feed conversion and weight gain. On the other hand, threonine requirement, expressed as a percentage of diet and CP intake for maximum body weight gain and feed intake decreased with age and tended to increase with increasing dietary amino acid levels which were not clear (Koide and Ishibashi, 1995).

                Generally, threonine levels had linear positive and negative effects on weight gain in male and female broilers and a quadratic effect on feed intake, and feed to gain ratio in both sexes (Trindae  et al., 1999). However, threonine has been well recognized for its maintenance characteristics associated with digestive tract (Van Der Schoor et al., 2002). In addition, Lemme (2001) stated that threonine serves as a component of body and feather protein, plays an important role in feather synthesis and a precursor of glycine and serine. Also, Huyghebaert and Butler (1991) studied the optimum threonine requirement of laying hens. Egg number, egg weight and feed conversion improved as threonine level (1% additions of threonine) increased above NRC recommendation (Martinez- Amezcua et al., 1999). Consequently, threonine requirement to optimize live performance is less than needed for complete recovery of whole carcass and its breast fillets (Dozier et al., 2000). Limited in formation on the effect of dietary threonine supplementation on laying Japanese quail hens.

So, the present study was conducted to study the effect of dietary more threonine supplementation on laying performance, egg quality, fertility and hatchability, as well as and economic efficiency of Japanese quail hens, under Egyptian environmental conditions.

 

 

 

 

MATERIALS AND METHODS

            The experimental work of this study was carried out at Inshas Poultry Research Station and Poultry Nutrition Department, Animal Production Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Egypt during the year 2008.

One hundred and sixty two adult Japanese quails, 6- week old were divided into nine treatment groups (18 in each). Each group was divided into 6 replicates of three birds (one male and two females) in each treastment. All birds were housed in wire cage of laying batteries and raised in conventional open- sided houses with 16hr. of photo period (natural and artificial light). Experimental diet groups were formulated to be iso- nitrogenous (20.12% CP) and iso- caloric 2642.49 Kcal ME/Kg diet containing mainly corn- soybean during the laying period according to NRC (1994). The first treatment group was fed basal diet  without threonine supplementation  as the control one, while the others were supplemented with 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25, 0.30, 0.35 and 0.40% threonine to the basal diet. The composition and calculated analysis of the control diet are shown in Table 1. Chemical composition and amino acids analysis of the basal diet of  Japanese quail and eggs were determined according to A. O. A. C. (2005) as shown in Table 2. Feed and water were offered on adlibitum all time. All birds were kept under the same managerial, hygienic and environmental conditions. The experiment lasted for 56 laying days, threonine used in the present study was obtains from Degussa company, Germany.

            Egg numbers were daily recorded for each treatment to calculate egg production percentage (Egg number/ Number of live hens x 100). Egg weight was also recorded daily. Feed intake was recorded weekly to calculate average feed intake / hen, feed conversion (g Feed/g Egg weight) and average daily egg number/ hen, egg mass (Average egg number X Average egg weight, during the experimental period (7 to 15 weeks of age).

Representative egg samples (6 eggs) for each treatment were collected throughout the experimental periods to determine egg weight and shell quality, shape index and yolk index were determined according to Romanoff and Romanoff (1949) as follows :

            Shape index (%)= (Width / Length) x 100.

            Yolk index (%) = (Height / Diameter of yolk) x 100.

            Egg shell thickness, including shell membranes, was measured using a micrometer to the nearest 0.01 mm at the equator. Haugh unit score was applied from a special chart using egg weight end albumin height, which was measured by using a micrometer according to Haugh (1937), Kotaiah and Mohapatra (1974) and Eisen et al. (1962).

          Eggs were collected and set in an electric forced draft incubator (every five days) that was operated at a temperature of 37.5 ºC and about 56% relative

Table 1. Composition and calculated analysis for basal diet of laying Japanese quails

*: Each 3 kg of Vit. And Min. premix contains 10000000 IU Vit. A; 2000000 IU Vit. D3; 10000 mg Vit. E; 1000 mg Vit. K3; 1000 mg Vit. B1; 5000 mg Vit. B2; 10 mg Vit B12; 1500 mg Vit. B6; 30000 mg Niacin; 10000 mg Pantothenic acid; 1000 mg Folic acid; 50 mg Biotin; 300000 mg Choline; 4000 mg Copper; 300 mg Iodine; 30000 mg Iron; 50000 mg Zinc; 60000 mg Manganese; 100 mg Selenium; and 100 mg Cobalt.

 ** Calculated according to NRC (1994).

humidity, while the hatchery had about 64.5% ones. Number of saleable chicks were determined as practiced in commercial operations (Guillou, 1996). Unhatched eggs, middle and late- dead embryo (pipped). Fertility (%) was calculated as number of fertile eggs/ number of eggs set X 100. Hatchability (%) was defined as the ratio of number of chicks hatched to either of fertile eggs or number of settable eggs X 100. At the end of the experiment, Slaughter tests were performed using 6 birds of each treatment group (3 males and 3 females ). Birds were individually weighted to the nearest gram and slaughtered by sewering the jugular vien. Carcass, dressing, giblets (empty gizzard, liver and heart) were weighed and their percentages to live body weight were calculated. Reproductive system organs were weighed (tests weight, g and length, cm for males and oviduct weight, (g) length, cm; largest follicle weight (g); height cm,

Table 2. Chemical composition and amino acids analysis of basal diet and Japanese quail eggs (as dry matter bases).

*According to:  A.O.A.C. (2005).

width cm and ovary weight (g) for females). Digestive tract weight and length were also measured.

Economical efficiency of egg production was calculated according to the price of the experimental diets and egg produced the values of economical efficiency were calculated as the net revenue per unit of total costs.

            The present data were statistically analyzed (Completely Randomized Design) according to Snedecor and Cochran (1982 by using procedures of SAS (1998). Duncan’s multiple range tested was used to detect any significant differences among the experimental means (Duncan, 1955).

 

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Egg productive traits:

            Statistical evaluation of egg productive traits data revealed that feeding diets supplemented with  threonine levels resulted as shown in Table 3, the highest values of egg weight (EW) which improved significantly (P £ 0.01) for birds fed diets supplemented with threonine level 0.15% as compared to the other experimental groups (Table 3). Daily egg production/

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

hen (DEP), feed conversion (FC), egg mass (EM), egg production% (EP) and egg number (EN) were also improved with such level (0.15% Thr.).

These results are in agreement with those obtained by Beorlegui  and Gonzalez (1991), Zollitsch  et al.(1993), Ishibashi et al. (1998) and Martinez- Barrera et al., (1999). They found that increasing dietary threonine levels caused to EP, EW and FC for laying hens. In contrast, Parlat et al. (2003) reported that there were significant differences for egg number and egg weight and did not affect other egg production traits. Koelkebeck et al. (1991) reported excess intake of individual amino acids (Lysine, methionine, threonine or tryptophan) did not affect hen- day of egg production, egg yield or feed intake, indicating that considerable tolerance exists in high- producing laying hens for individual excesses of amino acids. Likewise, Martine  et al,. (1999) reported that EP, EW and FCR improved as threonine levels increased than that recommended in NRC. Similarly, Faria et al., (2002), Khalifah and Abdalla (2005) and Okazaki et al., (1994) revealed that the performance of hens fed diets containing Lys, Met and Thr (130 and 160% of NRC in each) was slightly superior compared to that of the other groups fed on 85, 100 and 115% of NRC. However, threonine level at 0.51% supplementation to basal diet , that correspond to 515 mg/ hen day (0.423% of digestible threonine) was sufficient for layer egg production (Valerio et al., 2000). It could be concluded that as dietary threonine increased egg the productive traits of laying Japanese quail increased, specially the level of 0.15%. These results, may be due to the effect of, threonine is added to the diet of poultry in order to exactly match the dietary amino acid balance with the unique nutritional requirements of the animal. As a result of this balancing process, the animal utilizes feed more efficiently with reduced amounts of protein. This is better for the animal and better for the environment.

 

Egg quality measurements:

            Results of egg quality measurements of laying Japanese Quails fed access dietary threonine levels are presented in Table 4. There were significant effect (P£ 0.05) of threonine level on yolk weight, egg shape index and Haugh unit, while, specific gravity, yolk index, shell weight (%) and albumin weight (%) showed no significant differences among treatment groups. Albumen quality measured by Haugh units showed significant effect (P £ 0.05) with  level 0.15% (81.17) as compared with other experimental groups. Therefore, albumen quality could be better for level 0.15%, dietary threonine supplementation, while yolk index did not affect by dietary threonine supplementation. The obtained results are in agreement with the finding of (Valerio et al., 2000 and Faten- Attia and Haiam Abd EL- Halim, 2008). However, there are a lot of differences in the amino acids  concentration  used  by  different researchers for laying hens. This

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

discrepancies may be due to factors affecting the requirements such as strain, age of hens, egg production  EP rate, dietary crude protein levels, dietary amino acids levels and / or the environmental around the hens. The importance of egg quality could be used to maximize the hatching performance of Japanese quail eggs (Soliman et al., 1991)

 

Fertility and hatchability traits:

            Dietary threonine levels showed no significant differences in fertility eggs % as shown in Table 5. However, there were highly significant differences (P£0.01) in hatchability (%)per total eggs. hatchability / fertile eggs and hatched chick weight (g) for birds fed dietary supplementation of threonine at levels 0.20% as compared to other groups (Table 4). It is more reasonable to compare hatchability % on the base of fertile egg rather than settable ones. Consequently, dietary threonine level at 0.20 % recorded the best value of hatchability per fertile eggs by about 80.36%. Findings by Seuapti et al., (1997) that hatchability percentage based on fertile quail eggs, relation between egg quality traits and percentage of hatchability of Japanese quail eggs are very limited.

            The fertility percentage results are in agreement with the findings of Bahie El. Deen (1991); Solimon et al., (1991), Neamat Badawy (1997) and Inal et al., (1999). The same trends were obtained with Bahie EL – Deen (1991), Soliman et al., (1991), Babu et al., (1995) and Neamat Badawy (1997) hatchability percentage. However, the present results were higher than the finding of Inal et al., (1999) who reported that hatchability of Japanese eggs in control, low and high lines ranged from 40.00 and 61.98%.

            It can observed from the present hatchability results (Table 5) that the hatchability increased as dietary threonine supplementation at level of 0.20%.

 

Reproductive system organs:

            The females and males reproductive organs of Japanese quails at the end of the experiment are listed in Table 6. Either oviduct weight, oviduct length and  the weight of the largest 3 follicles for females or tests weight, tests length for males or  did not show any significant treatments refers that threonine supplementation to basal diet (control group) had no effect on male or females reproductive organs weight.

 

Economical evaluation:

            Results of economic efficiency (EEF) for laying Japanes quails fed the experimental diets during the Laying experimental period (56 days) are summarized in Table 7.

It was clear that dietary supplementation of threonine at level 0.05 % to basal diet or 0.15% showed highly economic efficiency and relative economical efficiency, these results related with the hatching of egg number which increased

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

by increasing dietary threonine levels and these results may be due to lower prices of the ingredients of the experiment of die.

Conclusively, for there results, it can be concluded from the present data that threonine supplementation at levels (0.05 or 0.15%) showed the highest (EEF and REEF) , While, the worst one at level 0.30% this may be due to some management factors or the mortality occurs suddenly as a result of an accident, and the lowest egg number with highest feed intake, under Egyptian environmental conditions.

 

REFERENCES

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Kidd, M. T.;. Kerr, B. J. Firman J. D, and. Boling, S.D (1996). Growth and carcass characteristics of broilers fed low- protein, threonine supplemented diets, Journal of  Applied Poultry Science, 5: 180- 190.

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تأثیر إضافة مستویات من الثریونین على معدل الأداء الإنتاجی والتناسلی للسمان البیاض

 

إبراهیم محمد معوض عساف-  عبد الباقی محمود أحمد ترکیا- إبراهیم عاطف عزازی- السید السید محمد السیسی.

معهد بحوث الإنتاج الحیوانی- مرکز البحوث الزراعیة- الجیزة- مصر.

 

أجریت هذه الدراسة بغرض دراسة تأثیر الثریونین المضاف للعلیقة على الأداء الإنتاجی والتناسلی فی السمان الیابانی. وفی هذا البحث استخدام 162 طائر سمان عمر (6 أسابیع) قسمت إلى 9 معاملات (18 طائر/ معاملة) وبکل معاملة 6 مکررات وبکل مکررة عدد 2 أنثی وذکر فی قفص واحد فی بطاریات معدنیة للسمان البیاض. وتم تکوین 9 معاملات مختلفة فی مستوی الثریونین المضاف (بدون، 0.05، 0.10، 0.15، 0.20، 0.30، 0.35، 0.40 %) إلى العلیقة الاساسیة

وتتخلص النتائج المتحصل علیها فیما یلی:

1-    مستوی 0.15% (معاملة 4) من الثریونین المضاف أظهرت أحسن خواص للمظاهر الإنتاجیة مثل وزن البیض والغذاء المأکول ومستوی الإنتاج الیومی للبیض ومعامل التحویل الغذائی وکتلة البیض وإنتاج البیض وعدد البیض الصالح للتفریخ ثم تلاها مستوی (0.05%) (معاملة2)

2-     أحسن مستوی للفقس عند مستوی (0.20% ثریونین مضاف) (معاملة 5) التی حققت 80.36% نسبة فقس بینما المعاملة 4 (0.15% ثریونین مضاف) حققت أعلى وزن للکتکوت الفاقس.

3-    وبالنسبة لخواص البیض فإن خواص البیض تحسنت عند مستوى 0.15% ثریونین مضاف (معاملة 4).

4-    کذلک فإن معاملة 2، 4 (0.05%، 0.15% ثریونین مضاف) أعطت أعلى کفاءة اقتصادیة وکذلک الکفاءة الاقتصادیة النسبیة.

التوصیة: نستنج من هذه الدراسة إن إضافة 0.05 % أو0.15 % ثریونین للعلیقة الأساسیة حسن من الأداء الإنتاجی وخواص البیضة ونسبة الفقس وکذلک أعطی أحسن کفاءة اقتصادیة تحت الظروف المصریة .

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