IMPROVING WATER USE EFFICIENCY AND YIELD OF MAIZE (Zea mays, L.) BY FOLIAR APPLICATION OF GLYCINEBETAINE UNDER INDUCED WATER STRESS CONDITIONS

IMPROVING WATER USE EFFICIENCY AND YIELD OF MAIZE (Zea mays, L.) BY FOLIAR APPLICATION OF GLYCINEBETAINE UNDER INDUCED WATER STRESS CONDITIONS

 

M. Abd Alla Kotb *,  A. A. Mansour** and A. B. Gaballah** 

* Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal  University, Ismailia, Egypt.

** Plant Production Department (Agronomy), Institute of Efficient Productivity, Zagazig University, Egypt.

 

 

ABSTRACT

Two field experiments were conducted in a sandy soil in the extension field in El-Kassasein, Ismailia Governorate, Egypt during 2007 and 2008 summer seasons. The work aimed to study the effect of five levels of glycinbetaine (0, 5, 10, 15, 20mM/fad) on the response of SC 10 maize hybrid to three rates of drip irrigation water (1.00. 0.80 and 0.60 of the estimated crop evapotranspiration, which represented 2625, 2100 and 1575 m³water/fad, respectively). The most important findings could be summarized as follows:

Irrigation by 1575 m³/fad instead of 2625 m³/fad reduced significantly ear leaf blade area, total chlorophyll, relative water content and leaf water potential, except the content of GB in leaves which was significantly increased in both seasons. Meanwhile, increasing the level of glycinebetaine (GB) up to 15 mM/fad increased these traits and the content of GB in leaves compared with their untreated analogues.

 Decreasing the amount of irrigation water from 2625 to 1575 m³/fad reduced significantly the grain yield, protein yield and water use efficiency (IWUE). While, the relative increase percentages due to application of 15mM GB/fad compared with zero GB were 28.47 and 25.30%, 54.53 and 47.25%, and 27.61 and 25.10% for these traits in both seasons, respectively.

The interaction between both studied factors showed that under moderate water stress condition (2100 m³/fad) without GB addition the responses of these traits were only 11.59 and 10.77 ardab/fad, 135.29 and 119.69 kg/fad and 0.773 and 0.718 kg m^-3 compared with 14.31 and 13.49 ardab/fad, 195.07 and 176.25 kg/fad and 0.954 and 0.899 kg m^-3 when the concentration of GB was increased to 15mM GB/fad in both seasons, respectively.

Key words: Maize, glycinebetaine, IWUE, drought, evapotranspiration.

 

 

INTRODUCTION

Maize is one of the most important cereal crops, which plays a critical role in animals and human feeding not only in Egypt but also in, almost, all countries. The total maize consumption has been increased drastically due to the over-growing population. Improving maize productivity can be achieved by breeding high yielding varieties and by application of improved agro-techniques. Water stress-associated with high temperature is often considered to be a limiting factor in maize (Zea mays L.) grown under arid and semiarid regions. Drought has different effects on grain yield depending on the developmental stage at which it occurs. It has been reported that maize is relatively tolerant to water stressin the vegetative stage, very sensitive during the period oftasseling, silking, and pollination, and moderately sensitiveduring the grain-filling stage (Shanahan and Nielsen, 1987 and Abo-El-Kheir and Mekki, 2007). Increasing water stress significantly decreased relative water content, chlorophyll content, leaf water potential (Shlemmer et al., 2005 and Premachandra et al., 2008), number of grains/ear, 1000-grain weight and grain yield (Muhammad et al., 2001). Thus water stress is the most important limitation on corn productivity in arid and semiarid regions.

Accumulation of solutes, either actively or passively, is animportant adaptation mechanism for plants in response to osmoticstress. The accumulation of stress metabolites like proline, sugars, amino acids and betaines to maintain structural and metabolic integrity, occurs in response to drought and other stresses. Glycinebetaine (N, N, and N- trimethylglycine) is accumulated by many species of Gramineae, Amaranthaceae, Malvaceae and Poaceae families. Glycinebetaine (thereafter referred to as betaine) is a commoncompatible solute in many different organisms, including higherplants (Grote et al., 1994 and Rhodes andHanson, 1993).

  Using foliar application of glycinebetaine (GB) protects the plant by acting as an osmolytic and hence maintaining the water balance between the plant cell and the environment and by stabilizing macromolecules during cellular dehydration and at high salt concentration is a major goal for improving drought tolerance of plants in arid zones as in Egypt. Moreover, exogenousapplication of betaine to leaves or roots has been shown toincrease the tolerance to various stresses of several speciesof plants, including both natural accumulators and non-accumulators(Mäkeläet al., 1996 and Allard et al., 1998). It has been shown that GB, when applied to foliage, is translocated from leaves to other plant parts within several hours (Mäkeläet al., 1996), where it acts as a non-toxic cytoplamic osmolyte and plays a central role in the protection of macrocomponentsof plant cells, such as protein complexes and membranes, understress conditions (Martin et al, 1997 and Jagendrof and Takab, 2001). It has also been reported that exogenous glycinebetaine led to increase photosynthetic activity, leaf area, leaf water potential, water use efficiency, total chlorophyll, relative water content and grain yield when it was applied to maize, sorghum, wheat and barley (Agboma et al., 1997, Naryyar and Walia, 2004, Abd Alla Kotb 2005, Abd Alla Kotb and Gaballah 2007 & Nawaz and Ashraf 2007). When 12 mMGB/fad was applied to barley plant under water stress, the flag leaf blade area, total chlorophyll, relative water content and grain yield were increased by 23%, 35%, 30% and 24%, respectively (Abd Alla Kotb and Gaballah 2007)

    The present investigation aimed to investigate the effect of foliar application of glycinebetaine to improve drought tolerance of maize grown under induced water limited conditions.

 

MATERIALS AND METHODS

 

Two field experiments were conducted in a sandy soil in the extension field in El-Kassasein, Ismailia Governorate, Egypt (30⁰ 58^/ N, 32⁰ 23^/ E, and 10m above mean sea level) during 2007 and 2008 summer seasons. The study aimed to find out the effect of five levels of glycinbetaine (0, 5, 10, 15, 20mM/fad) on SC 10 maize hybrid under three amounts of irrigation water (1.00. 0.80 and 0.60 of the estimated crop evapotranspiration) using drip irrigation system. A split plot design with three replicates was used in each season. The irrigation treatments and the levels of GB were randomly allocated in the main and sub-plots, respectively.

Three amounts of irrigation water were calculated as 0.6 (IR1), 0.8 (IR2) and 1.0 (IR3) of the estimated crop evapotranspiration (Etc). Maize plants were given 22 irrigations at 4 days intervals starting after 24 days from sowing. In the two growing seasons, the amount of water needed for each irrigation was calculated according to the crop coefficient (Kc) and the daily reference potential evapotranspiration (ETo). The latter was determined according to the Penman-Monteith equation (Allen et al., 1998) depending on the predicted climatic factors at each irrigation time and the growth stage of maize plant. As recommended by Allen et al. (1996) and Neale et al. (1996), the FAO Kc of maize plant were 0.40 for initial stage, 0.80 for crop development stage, 1.15 for mid-season stage and 0.70 for last-season stage. At the end of the last irrigation, the quantity of water applied for each of the three irrigation treatments was calculated according to the total amount of water added in the 22 irrigations for the two seasons. The average amounts of water during the two growing seasons were 1575, 2100 and 2625 m³/fad for the irrigation treatments, respectively.

Glycinebetaine (GB) levels (0 GB: spray with tap water, 5mM equal to 0.525kg/fad, 10mM equal to 1.050kg/fad, 15mM equal to 1.575kg/fad and 20mM equal to 2.1kg/fad) were foliar applied in 80 liter water/fad after 28, 48and 68 days from sowing.

Some physical and chemical properties of the upper of 60 cm layer of the experimental field soil as well as the predicted monthly climatic data at Ismailia region during the growing seasons of corn are presented in Tables 1 and 2, respectively. Soil analysis was done at Institute of Efficient Productivity laboratories. Soil bulk density was determined by a classical method, using cylinders 100 mm wide and 60 mm height according to Grossmann and Reinsch (2002), while both field capacity and wilting point were determined following the method of Cassel and Nielsen (1986).

Table 1: Soil physical and chemical properties of the experimental field soil over the two seasons

Soil depth (cm)	Coarse sand (%)	Fine sand (%)	Silt (%)	Clay (%)	Texture	Soil bulk density (g cm-3)
0-60cm	65.20	26.92	4.58	3.30	sandy	1.71
Soil depth (cm)	Field capacity (%)	Wilting point (%)	pH	Organic matter (%)	EC (dS m-1)
0-60cm	7.42	1.51	7.7	0.18	0.37

 

Table 2: The predicted monthly climatic data at Ismailia Governorate during the growing periods of corn in 2007 and 2008 seasons.

Months	Average temperature 0C			Average RH (%) 2007      2008	Average Wind speed (Km/h) 2007      2008
	Minimum 2007       2008	Maximum 2007         2008	Average 2007      2008
May	15             15	30               27	22.5          21	45              50	15             14
June	20             22	31               34	25.5         28	52              52	12             13
July	24             24	33               35	28.5       29.5	55              64	13             13
August	25             23	35                36	30         29.5	59              68	11             12
September	24             23	36                32	30         27.5	64              61	11             11

Data collected from Agriculture Research Center Meteorological Station in Ismailia

     

    The sowing date was 25 May in both seasons in hills 20 cm apart. The sub-plot area was 16.8 m² included 6 rows of 4 m long and 70 cm apart. The preceding crop was lupine in the two growing seasons. To ensure full germination, 27mm of irrigation was applied to the all field area at planting. In addition, 37mm was applied at 20days for complete establishment of seedlings. Irrigation was scheduled every 4 days throughout the growth period. Twenty days after sowing, maize plants were thinned to one plant/hill. Nitrogen fertilizer was applied at a level of 120 kg N/fad as ammonium sulphate (20.5% N) in four equal doses, every 12 days from 20 days after sowing. Phosphorus fertilizer was applied at a level of 100 kg P₂O₅/fad as calcium superphosphate (15.5 % P₂O₅). Potassium fertilizer was applied at a level of 50 kg K₂O /fad as potassium sulphate (48 % K₂O). Phosphorus and potassium fertilizers were applied before sowing in all treatments. The other agronomic practices were done as recommended.

   At 85 days from sowing, five plants were randomly taken for estimating the vegetative growth characters as follows: 

1-  Ear leaf blade area (cm²). 

2- Total chlorophyll (µMm^-2), it was determined using the Minolta SPAD-502 chlorophyllmeter according to Markwell et al. (1995).

3-  Leaf GB content (µg/g fresh weight), it was determined according to Gricve and Grattan (1983).

4- Relative water content (RWC):     

The relative water content was determined according to Schonfeld et al., (1988), where the fresh weight of twenty discs, from the youngest fully expanded leaf, was determined within 2 hours after excision. Turgid weight was obtained after soaking the discs for 16 to 18 hours in distilled water. After soaking, discs were immediately and carefully blotted dried with tissue paper prior to the determination of turgid weight. Dry weight was obtained after drying the discs sample for 72 hours at70Cْ. Relative water content was calculated using the following equation:

                       RWC= Fresh weight – dry weight      x 100

                                    Turgid weight- dry weight

5- Leaf water potential (-ψ),it was determined according to Edward (1967).

     At harvest (120 days from sowing), the plants of the fourth and fifth rows (5.6m² areas) of each plot were used to determine: 

1-      Number of ears/plant.                           

2-      Number of grains/ear.

3-      100-grain weight (g).

4-      Grain yield (ardab/fad), it was adjusted to 15.5% moisture content.

5-      Grain N content (%), it was measured using the modified micro-kijeldahl apparatus as described by A.O.A.C (1980).

6-      Protein yield (kg/fad), It was calculated from multiplying grain yield in kg/fad with grain nitrogen content and with 6.25.

7-      Irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) in kg m^-3 .

It was calculated as IWUE= GY /IR x 100, where GY is grain yield (kg/fad) and IR is the amount of applied irrigation water (m³/fad) for each irrigation treatment.

      The analysis of variance and least significant differences (LSD at 5% levels) were used according to Steel et al. (1997).

 

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

 

1- Growth:

   The results in Table 3 indicate that each decrease in the amount of irrigation water from 2625 to 1575 m³/fad decreased significantly and gradually the averages of ear leaf blade area, total chlorophyll, relative water content and leaf water potential but the content of GB in leaves was significantly and gradually increased in both seasons. The relative reduction percentages due to water stress were 40.41 and 43.93%, 39.90 and 41.80%, 46.54 and 46.63%, and 17.78 and 20.70% for ear leaf blade area, total chlorophyll, relative water content and leaf water  potential  in  both  seasons,  respectively. In the  same trend, similar  results

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

were obtained by Shlemmer et al. (2005) and Premachandra et al. (2008) where they indicated that water stress reduced relative water content, chlorophyll content, and leaf water potential than their unstressed maize plants. It seems evident that subjecting maize plants to water stress, through reducing the amount of irrigation water reduced all growth attributes; probably due to impairing photosynthetic process which could have been decreased by the drastic decrease of leaf relative water content. These results are in agreement with those obtained by Talukder (1987), Abd Alla Kotb (2005) and Abd Alla Kotb and Gaballah (2007). Concerning to the increment of GB content in leaves due to water stress, it was reported that glycinebetaine is accumulated by many species of Gramineae in response to drought and other stresses (Rhodes andHanson, 1993 and Grote et al., 1994). This increment in GB during water stress can not alleviate the negative effects of water lake on growth characters.

  The effect of foliar application of GB on plant growth was significant in both seasons (Table 3). The highest values for growth attributes were obtained from application of 15mM GB/fad in both seasons except the leaf GB content which was increased by increasing the level of GB up to 20mM/fad in the two seasons. Moreover, the results showed that the relative increase percentages due to application of 15mM GB/fad were 24.51 and 27.66% for ear leaf blade area, 30.89 and 33.58% for total chlorophyll, 21.08 and 17.47% for leaf GB content, 19.88 and 24.99% for relative water content and 18.75 and 20.31% for leaf water potential in the first and second seasons, respectively compared with their untreated analogues. These results are in harmony with those obtained by Agboma et al. (1997), Abd Alla Kotb (2005) and Nawaz and Ashraf (2007). It is clear from the data recorded that increasing GB concentration to 20mM decreased ear leaf blade area, total chlorophyll, relative water content and leaf water potential in both seasons. This reduction of theses traits is seemed to be affected by the high concentration of exogenous glycinebetaine application. Results from other studies showed, also, that high concentration of GB could stimulate necrotic blotches on the leaves of wheat and could reduce above-ground biomass as reported by Agboma et al. (1997) and Abd Alla Kotb (2005)

   Concerning the interaction between irrigation treatments and GB levels, results in Table 4 and Figures (1 to 5) showed that both of them interacted with each other significantly for all growth analysis. Ear leaf blade area, total chlorophyll, relative water content and leaf water potential were gradually         and significantly  increased by  increasing both of  irrigation water amount and GB

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

levels up to 15 mM/fad, except the content of GB in leaves which was significantly and gradually increased by decreasing the amount of water and increasing the exogenous application of GB up to 20mM/fad in both seasons. In the same direction, Rhodes andHanson, (1993) and Grote et al. (1994) reported that glycinebetaine is accumulated by many species of Gramineae in response to water stress.

   Under the sever water stress treatment (0.6 of the estimated crop evapotranspiration) and spray with 15 mM GB/fad, the responses of ear leaf blade area, total chlorophyll, GB content, relative water content and leaf water potential were 461.30 and 410.10cm², 40.29 and 37.27 µMm^-2, 666.47 and 621.80 µg/g fresh weight, 48.04 and 46.34%, and 0.990 and 0.905 (-ψ) compared with 345.30 and 293.30 cm², 29.88 and 27.01µMm², 575.97 and 551.31 µg/g fresh weight, 38.47 and 35.63% and, 1.199 and 1.114 (-ψ) when the concentration of GB was decreased to zero in both seasons, respectively. The highest values of ear leaf blade area, total chlorophyll, relative water content and leaf water potential were obtained from 15mM GB/fad under un-stress irrigation treatment (normal irrigation) in both seasons. These results indicate, also, that maize plants responded to GB addition in both seasons under normal irrigation as well as water stress conditions.

   From these results, it could be concluded that exogenous GB application with a proper dose helped stressed maize plants to accumulate more chlorophyll and GB contents, and hence had higher leaf area, relative water content and leaf water potential than their untreated analogues. This could be due to a possible increase in the stability of chloroplast membranes (Mamedove et al., 1991), protection of photosystem II by GB (Papageorgiou et al., 1991), improved water status and reduced transpiration via effects on stomatal regulation. These beneficial effects of GB might have had improved the growth of maize plants under water-stress conditions. These results are in harmony with those obtained by Abd Alla Kotb (2005), Abd Alla Kotb and Gaballah (2007) and Quanqi et al. (2008 ). 

2- Yield and water use efficiency:

            Decreasing the amount of irrigation water from 2625 to 1575 m³/fad reduced significantly the yield and its attributes in both seasons (Tables 5 and 6). The relative decrease percentages were 44.98 and 47.30%, 44.87 and 44.67%, 69.96 and 70.80%, and 8.29 and 12.24% for grain yield, grain N content, protein yield and water use efficiency in both seasons, respectively. In the same trend, the

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 6.  Effect of water stress treatments and glycinebetaine levels (GB) on  protein yield and water use efficiency of maize in 2007 and 2008 seasons.

Main effects And interactions Protein yield (kg/fad) Water use efficiency ( kg m-3) 2007 2008 2007 2008 Water treatments (IR)   1575 m3/fad 90.11 80.60 0.852 0.796 2100 m3/fad 164.83 147.52 0.858 0.802 2625 m3/fad 297.25 276.06 0.929 0.907 LSD 0.05 3.41 3.39 0.021 0.012 RD% 69.96 70.80 8.29 12.24 Glycinebetaine (GB)   0mM/fad 147.05 136.50 0.775 0.745 5mM/fad 169.86 156.82 0.849 0.810 10mM/fad 198.75 179.35 0.928 0.869 15mM/fad 227.24 200.99 0.989 0.932 20mM/fad 177.41 166.65 0.856 0.818 LSD 0.05 6.23 3.79 0.021 0.018 RI% 54.53 47.25 27.61 25.10 Interaction (IRxGB) * * * *

RD%: Relative decrease percentage due to decreasing irrigation water amount from 2625 to  1575m³/fad

RI%: Relative increase percentage due to increasing GB levels from zero to 15 M/fad

 

results obtained by Ni (1992) referred that drought during the vegetative growth stage indirectly affected yield potential by adversely affected leaf area and photosynthetic capacity. These results are in agreement with those of Muhammad et al. (2001) and Abd Alla Kotb (2005).

In both seasons, the results showed that numbers of ears/plant, number of grains/ear, 100-grain weight, grain yield, grain N content, protein yield and irrigation water use efficiency were significantly affected by foliar application of GB. The results in Tables 5 and 6 revealed that 15mM GB produced the highest values for yield and yield attributes compared with the other treatments in both seasons. Foliar application of 15mM increased grain yield, grain N content, protein yield and irrigation water use efficiency by 28.47 and 25.30%, 19.38 and 17.96%, 54.53 and 47.25% and 27.61 and 25.10% compared with untreated plants in the first and second seasons, respectively. Augmentation GB concentration up to 20mM/fad resulted in a significant decrease in values of yield and yield attributes. The increments in yield and yield attributes could be attributed to the increments in leaf blade area, total chlorophyll, relative water content and leaf water potential, which in turn resulted in higher values of dry matter accumulation per unit area and consequently higher yield and its attributes.

  It is clear that exogenous glycinebetaine might have had increased photosynthetic activity, leaf area, leaf water potential, water use efficiency, total chlorophyll, relative water content and grain yield as reported in maize, sorghum, wheat and barley by Agboma et al., (1997), Naryyar and Walia (2004), Abd Alla Kotb (2005), Abd Alla Kotb and Gaballah (2007) and Nawaz and Ashraf (2007), in respective order.

In contrast, increasing application of GB to 20mM/fad decreased growth, yield and its components. This may be due to toxicity of GB when accumulated in higher concentration within cells and inhibition of metabolic process (Agboma et al., 1997 and Abd Alla Kotb, 2005). The obvious results indicate, also, that the content of GB in leaves was significantly and gradually increased by increasing the exogenous application of GB up to 20mM/fad.

                       Concerning the interaction between both studied factors in the two seasons, the results showed that both of them interacted with each other significantly for number of ears/plant, 100-grain weight, grain yield, protein yield and water use efficiency, but number of grains/ear and N content of leaves were not significantly affected.

           The highest values of yield and yield attributes were obtained from applying 2625 m³/fad and spraying with 15mM GB/fad compared with the same amount of irrigation water and without GB addition in both seasons (Table 7 and Figures 6 to 10). These results show, also, that with increasing level of GB in both seasons, yield and yield attributes did not respond to more than 15mM under normal irrigation or water stress and followed by a significant decrease in these traits.

            The obtained results in Figures (6 to 10) indicate that grain yield, protein yield and water use efficiency (kg grain/m³ water) were increased up to 20.18 and 19.14 ardab/fad, 377.89 and 329.39 kg/fad and 1.076 and 1.021 kg m^-3 with interaction 2625 m³ water/fad and 15mM GB/fad in comparison with 14.96 and

 

 

 

 

15.11 ardab/fad, 233.95 and 225.76 kg/fad and 0.798 and 0.806 kg m^-3 by using full irrigation and without GB in both seasons, respectively.

          Under moderate and severe water stress conditions (2100 and 1575 m³/fad), yield and yield attributes responded significantly up to 15mMGB/fad compared with the  interaction  between  water  stress  and  without  application  GB in  both  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

seasons. Under  moderate water  stress  condition (2100 m³)  without  GB addition the responses of grain yield, protein yield and irrigation water use efficiency were only 11.59 and 10.77 ardab/fad, 135.29 and 119.69 kg/fad and 0.773 and 0.718 kg m^-3 compared with 14.31 and 13.49 ardab/fad, 195.07 and 176.25 kg/fad and 0.954 and 0.899 kg m^-3 when the concentration of GB was increased to 15mM GB in both seasons, respectively. In the same observation, exogenous application of GB to low-accumulating or non-accumulating plants may help to reduce the adverse effects of environmental stresses (Mäkela et al., 1996 &Yang and Lu, 2005).

                     These results mean that maize plants responded to GB application in the both seasons under water stress conditions as well as under un-stressed conditions. It was clear that GB played a crucial role as osmoprotectants in improving the tolerance of plants to environmental stresses. The foliar application of glycinebetaine on maize plants increased nitrogen uptake, leaf area, leaf water potential, total chlorophyll, relative water content. The increase of these traits can improved water use efficiency and both of the maize grain and protein yields. These results may explain the reported response of maize plants to GB under water stress conditions (Agboma et al., 1997, Naryyar and Walia, 2004, Abd Alla Kotb (2005), Abd Alla Kotb and Gaballah 2007 & Nawaz and Ashraf (2007).

            Conclusively, from these results, it could be concluded that subjecting maize plants to water stress decreased significantly growth, yield and its attributes. Meanwhile, exogenous application of GB by a proper level (15m M/fad) enhanced growth, yield and its attributes. Moreover, the interactions between water treatments and levels of GB were significant, indicating that GB played an important role for minimizing the adverse effect of water stress and hence improved water use efficiency, grain and protein yields. From these previous results it could be concluded that glycinebetaine (GB) acted as osmoregulating substance and enhanced the tolerance of maize plants to water stress when was applied at a level of 15mM/fad. But foliar application of GB by a higher level (20mM/fad) decreased growth and yield, probably, due to a possible inhibition of photosynthesis.

 

REFRENCES

 

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تحسین کفاءة استخدام الماء ومحصول الذرة بالرش بالجلایسین بیتایین تحت ظروف استحداث إجهاد مائی

 

 

 ماهر عبد الله قطب على*-عبد الغنى عبد المعطى منصور**- السید بیومی جاب الله**ا

*قسم المحاصیل-کلیة الزراعة-جامعة قناة السویس-الإسماعیلیة-ج.م.ع

**  معهد الکفایة الإنتاجیة- قسم الإنتاج النباتی (فرع المحاصیل)- جامعة الزقازیق- ج.م.ع

 

 

 

أجریت تجربتان حقلیتان بارض رملیة بمنطقة القصاصین بمحافظة الاسماعیلیة خلال موسمی 2007 و2008. بهدف دراسة تاثیر 5 مستویات من الرش بالجلایسین بیتایین (0،5،10و15و20 مللیمول/فدان) على استجابة الذرة ( هجین فردى 10) الى 3 معاملات رى بالتنقیط ( 1.0و 0.8و0.6 من قیمة النتح- بخر لمحصول الذرة والتى تعادل 2625 و 2100 و1575 م3 ماء/فدان على الترتیب) ویمکن تلخیص أهم النتائج المتحصل علیها کما یلى:

أدى الإجهاد المائی (1575م3/فدان) مقارنة بالرى العادى 2625م3/فدان إلى نقص معنوی لکل صفات النمو المدروسة ماعدا محتوى الاوراق من الجلایسین بیتایین والذى زاد. وقد بلغ النقص کنسبة مؤیة 40.41،43.93% و39.90،41.80% و 46.54 ،46.63% و 17.78، 20.70% لکل من مساحة نصل ورقة الکوز، محتوى الکلوروفیل الکلى ومحتوى الماء النسبی للأوراق والجهد المائى للورقة فی الموسم الأول والثانی على الترتیب. بینما ادى زیادة مستویات الجلاسین بیتاین من صفر إلى 15مللیمول/فدان إلى زیادة تلک المقاییس ومحتوى الاوراق من الجلایسین بیتایین الى 24.51، 27.66% و30.89، 33.58% و19.88، 24.99% و18.75، 20.31% و21.08، 17.47% فی الموسم الأول والثانی على الترتیب مقارنة بالنباتات غیر المعاملة.

أدى نقص کمیات ماء الرى من 2625 الى 1575م3/فدان إلى نقص معنوی للمحصول ومکوناته وکفاءة استحدام الماء .وکان معدل هذا النقص هو 44.98، 47.30% و69.96، 70.80% و8.29، 12.24% لکل من محصول الحبوب والبروتین وکفاءة استحدام ماء الرى فی الموسم الأول والثانی على الترتیب. بینما ادى زیادة مستویات الجلاسین بیتاین من صفر إلى 15مللیمول/فدان إلى زیادة تلک المقاییس بمعدل 28.47، 25.30% و 54.53، 47.25% و27.61، 25.10%  فى الموسم الاول والثانى على الترتیب.

واوضح التفاعل بین عاملى الدراسة انه تحت ظروف الاجهاد المائى (2100م3/فدان) وبدون اضافة جلایسن بینایین فان هذه الصفات اعطت فقط 11.59 ، 10.77 إردب/فدان و135.29، 119.69 کجم/فدان و 0.773 ، 0.718 کجم/م3  مقارنة مع  13.49 ، 14.31 إردب/فدان و195.07 ، 176.25 کجم/فدان و 0.954 ، 0.899 کجم/م3 وذلک عند زیادة ترکیز الجلایسن بیتایین الى 15 مللیمول/فدان فى الموسم الاول والثانى على الترتیب.

 

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