RESPONSE OF PEAS TO ORGANIC MANURE AND NPK FERTILIZATION.

RESPONSE OF PEAS TO ORGANIC MANURE AND NPK FERTILIZATION.

 

 E.H. Abou El-Salehein *, A. I. Sharaf** and Wafaa, A. Fekry*

* Plant Production Department, Efficient Productivity Institute, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.

**Soil Sciences and Water Department, Facility of Agriculture, El-Shatbi, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.

 

ABSTRACT:

Two field experiments were conducted at the Farm of Al-Zawia Zone - Libya in the winter seasons of 2006/2007 and 2007/2008 to study the effect of organic manure (cheep manure rates , i.e. 7.5, 15 and 22.5 m³/ hectare, and NPK fertilization levels, i.e. o-o-o, 100-150-80 and 150-200-120 kg/hectare on plant growth, green pod yield and it’s components and the nutritive values of pea seeds cv. Master-B. The results showed that adding 22.5 m³/hectare caused a highest values of pea plant growth, i.e. plant height, number of leaves and dry weight of leaves, green pod yield of peas and its components, i.e. number of pods/plant, average pod weight, both of total green pod yield per plant and per hectare and number of seeds per pod, as well as the nutritive values of pea seeds, i.e. T.SS., ascorbic acid and total soluble sugars percentages. The highest values of different characters above mentioned were obtained by applying pea plants with 150-200-120 kg NPK fertilization per hectare.

The interaction between organic manure at 22.5 m³ cheep manure/hectare) and NPK fertilization (150-200-120kg/hectare), increased in most cases, growth parameters, green pod yield and its components of peas as well as the nutritive values of seeds.

Key words: Pea plants, organic manure and NPK fertilization.

 

 

INTRODUCTION

 

Pea (Pisum sativum L.) is one of the most important leguminous vegetable crops grows in winter season. Many attempts were done to reface of chemical fertilization by using the suitable doses of its, as well as adding organic manure.

The growth of leguminous plants, dry matter content, chemical composition and yield and its components increased by organic manure (Osman, 1998 and El-Mansi et al., 1999 on peas) or NPK application (Bakry et al; 1984; and Abdalla et al., 2000 on peas, and Eid,1991 on common bean). 

The aim of the present study was to obtain the highest pea yield with less pollution resulting from chemical fertilizers by minimizing the NPK application and adding organic manure.

 

MATERIALS AND METHODS

 

The experiment of this study was carried out during the two successive winter seasons of 2006/2007 and 2007/2008 at Al-Zawia zone , Libya. The soil was sandy in texture. The soil chemical constituents are presented in Table 1.

 

Table 1. Soil chemical analysis of the experimental field of the present study.

Characters	Values
Available nitrogen	88 ppm
Available potassium	115 ppm
pH	7.6
Organic matter	0.08 %
CEC( Cation exchangeable Capacity )	19.0 (meq/100g.soil)

 

The soil was prepared and rhizobium inoculated seeds cv Master-B were sown on the two sides of the rows. Seeds were sown on the 2^nd and 1^st of November in 2006 and 2007 seasons, respectively.

The treatments were randomly arranged in a split plot design with three replicates in which cheep manure treatments were randomly arranged in the main plots, and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilization levels were randomly distributed  in the sub- plots.

Cheep manure was applied at the rates of 7.5, 15 and 22.5 m³/ hectare in one dose during soil preparation (Table 2 ).

Nitrogen fertilizer was in the form of ammonium sulphate (20.5% N), phosphorus fertilizer was in the form of calcium superphosphate (16.5% P₂O₅) and potassium fertilizer was in the form of potassium sulphate (48 % K₂O). NPK fertilization levels were as follows:

 

The treatments of NPK fertilization levels were broadcasted in two equal doses at 15 and 30 days after sowing. Plot area was 10.5 m², which were three ridges 5m. length and each 70 cm width. Seeds were sown at 15 cm apart within every ridge.

Sprinkler irrigation system was used. Normal cultural procedures known for commercial pea production, under the condition of Libyan soils were followed.

 

Table 2. Chemical analysis of the used cheep manure.

 

Data recorded:

Vegetative growth :

Sample of five plants from each plot were randomly chosen at 60 days after sowing and the following data were recorded:

1- Plant height (cm).

2- Number of leaves/ plant.

3- Dry weight of leaves (g) /plant.

 

Green pods yield and its components:

The harvest period  was started on the 3^rd and 5^th of January in 2007 and 2008, respectively. Fresh pods yield of each plot was harvested four times weekly and green pods yield per hectare was calculated. The following data were recorded:

1- Mean number of pods/plant.

2- Average pod weight (g).

3- Total green pods yield/ plant(g).

4- Total green pods yield/ hectare(ton).

     5- Average number of seeds / pod.

 

Nutritional value of the seeds:

1-T.S.S% (Total soluble solids): it was determined with Zeiss hand refract   meter.

2-Ascorbic acid (mg/100g.FW): it was determined by the method described by Mattk John (1970).

      3-Total soluble sugars (%): it  was determined calorimetrically using the method described by Dubois et al. (1960).

The results were subjected to standard analysis of variance according to the procedure described by Snedecor and Cochran (1980). For comparison between means, least significant differences (LSD) at 0.05 was used.

 

 

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

 

Vegetative growth :

a-Effect of organic manure :

Cheep manure treatments significantly increased the vegetative growth of pea plants, expressed as plant height, both number and dry weight of leaves/plant (Table 3). Results in Table 3 indicate that increasing cheep manure level up to its highest level (22.5 m³/hectare) led to an increase in the vegetative growth of pea plants.

These results were true in the two growing seasons of experiment. Cheep manure plays an important role to providing plants with balance mineral nutrition. Moreover, it encourages  plants  for  the development  of

Table3. Effect of organic manure and NPK fertilization on growth of pea  plants  during 2006/2007 and 2007/2008 seasons.

Treatments	Plant height      ( cm )		No.of leaves / plant		Dry weight of leaves          / plant (g.)
Organic manure      m3/hectare	2006/      2007/                   2007        2008		2006/            2007/             2006/           2007/                   2007             2008              2007             2008
7.5	57.56	58.01	25.66	25.93		4.64	4.66
15.0	60.59	59.72	26.71	26.87		5.84	5.37
22.5	67.57	62.67	29.06	28.03		6.52	6.1
LSD(0.05)	0.32	0.44	0.29	0.25		0.08	0.10
N         P         K       kg/hectare
0          0          0	59.38	57.51	24.33	24.88		5.19	4.79
100     150      80	61.71	59.99	26.34	26.72		5.59	5.35
150     200     120	64.62	62.90	30.74	29.23		6.22	6.01
LSD(0.05)	0.31	0.44	0.30	0.24		0.09	0.10

 

better root system and consequently, led to better vegetative growth (Broaldh, 1992). These results are in agreement with those reported by Osman (1998) and El-Mansi et al. (1999).

 

a-      Effect of NPK fertilization levels :

Increasing the levels of NPK fertilization till 150-200-120 kg/hectare gradually increased vegetative growth of pea plants ( Table 3).

This might be attributed to the role of N, P and K in plants, where N increased the efficiency of the plant in building metabolites (Bakry et al., 1984), phosphorus plays indispensable role in the enzyme system necessary for the energy transform in photosynthesis and respiration (Edmond et al., 1981), and potassium element is very important in the overall metabolism of plant. and has a beneficial effect on water consumption (Bidwell ,1979).

Such results coincided with those obtained by Bakry et al. (1984); Singh (1990), Abo Baker et al. (1993); and Abdalla et al.( 2000)on pea plants and Eid (1991) on common bean.

 

b-      Interaction effect between organic manure and NPK fertilization:

Data in Table 4 showed that the best results on vegetative growth of pea plants were obtained from the interaction of (22.5 m³ cheep manure /hectare) and 150-200-120 kg/hectare NPK fertilizaters followed by (22.5 m³ cheep manure /hectare) and 100-150-80 kg/hectare fertilizers. The lowest values were obtained by interaction between (7.5 m³/ hectare) cheep manure and untreated by NPK.

 

Yield and it’s components

a-      Effect of organic manure :

Data in Table 5 revealed that adding cheep manure resulted in greater yield of peas and its components ,expressed as number of pods/plant, average pod weight, total green pod yield/plant, and /hectare as well as, number of seeds/pod. There are gradually increases in yield and its components with increase cheep manure from 7.5 to 22.5 m³/ hectare. These results may be attributed to the favorite effects of organic manure on soil and microorganisms which be active and release the minerals to pea plants which encourage  vegetative growth and  dry matter content and consequently high pod yield and its component (Pyatkin and Krivoshein, 1980).

Such results coincided with those obtained by Osman (1998) and El-Mansi et al. (1999).

 

b-      Effect of NPK fertilization levels :

Data presented in Table 5 indicated that number of pods/plant, average pod weight, total green pod yield/hectare and number of seeds/pod, responded significantly to NPK fertilization levels. The treatment of NPK fertilization with high level, i.e., 150-200-120, being the most  effective level in the two growing seasons. The superiority in total green pod yield of pea by application of relatively high nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium levels might be attributed to their roles in metabolites synthesized by the plant (Bidwell, 1979). In addition potassium at the compound of NPK fertilization level in a part of enzymes and it is needed in formation of protoplasm and translocation the carbohydrates. As well as , phosphorus is a part of energy compounds which it important for the biosynthesis in plant (Bidwell, 1979).  Moreover, the high level of fertilization promotes increasing both number and weight of pods of pea plants, consequently increasing the yield.

These results are in a harmony with those reported by Singh (1999) Abo.Baker et al. (1993); Hassan et al. (1993) and Abdalla et al.(2000) on peas and Eid (1991) on common bean.

Table 4. Interaction effect of organic manure and NPK fertilization  on

                growth of pea plants during 2006/2007 and 2007/2008 seasons.

Treatments		Plant height ( cm )		No.of leaves / plant		Dry weight of leaves/plant (g.)
Organic manure m3/hectare	N        P         K    kg/hectare	2006/           2007	2007/              2008	2006/           2007	2007/              2008	2006/           2007	2007/              2008
	0        0         0	55.13	55.40	23.23	24.17	4.19	4.24
7.5	100  150      80	57.27	58.20	25.27	25.83	4.42	4.37
	150    200     120	60.27	60.43	28.47	27.80	5.31	5.36
	0          0         0	57.60	56.97	24.43	24.67	5.56	4.62
15.0	100     150      80	60.63	59.33	26.47	27.23	5.83	5.37
	150    200     120	63.53	62.87	29.23	28.70	5.14	6.13
	0          0         0	65.40	60.17	25.33	25.80	5.82	5.50
22.5	100     150      80	67.23	62.43	27.30	27.10	6.52	6.30
	150    200     120	70.07	65.40	34.53	31.20	7.22	6.53
LSD ( 0.05 )		0.55	0.77	0.51	0.43	0.41	0.18

 

c-      Effect of interaction between organic manure and NPK fertilization levels :

Data shown in Table 6 reveal that the application of (22.5 m³ cheep manure /hectare) with 150-200-120 kg/ hectare NPK fertilization resulted in the greatest values of green pod yield of peas and its components, i.e. number of pods per plant, average pod weight and both total green pod yield per plant and per hectare. The average pod weight in the second season and the number of seeds per pod in both seasons were not affected by the interaction. The lowest values of green pod yield and its components of peas

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

were obtained by (7.5 m³ cheep manure /hectare) and untreated with NPK fertilization.

 

Nutritive values of seeds

a-      Effect of organic manure :

Data illustrated in Table 7 revealed that increasing the rate of cheep manure up to 22.5 m³/ hectare gradually increased the nutritive value of seeds of peas, i.e. T.S.S %, ascorbic acid and total soluble sugars %. Obtained results are in harmony with those of Browaldh (1992);Osman (1998) and El. Mansi, et al.(1999).

 

Table7. Effect of organic manure and NPK fertilization on the nutritive

              values of pea seeds during 2006/2007 and 2007/2008 seasons.             

Treatments	TSS %		Ascorbic acid mg/100gm f.w.		Total soluble                     sugars(%)
Organic manure      m3/hectare	2006/         2007/                   2007          2008		2006/           2007/                   2007            2008		2006/           2007/                   2007              2008
7.5	5.88	5.88	3.89	3.88	3.59	3.56
15.0	6.02	5.93	4.05	3.96	3.72	3.65
22.5	6.13	6.14	4.92	4.71	4.04	3.79
LSD(0.05)	0.08	0.05	0.06	0.02	0.09	0.08
N         P       K             kg/hectare
0          0         0	5.76	5.77	3.92	3.87	3.57	3.55
100     150      80	5.96	5.97	4.37	4.26	3.82	3.64
150     200     120	6.32	6.20	4.57	4.43	3.96	3.81
LSD (0.05)	0.07	0.05	0.05	0.03	0.10	0.09

 

b-      Effect of NPK fertilization levels :

Data in Table 7 showed that the NPK fertilization level of 150-200-120 kg/hectare resulted in the greatest values of nutritive value of peas seeds. These results are in agreement with those reported by Hassan et al. (1993 )on peas and Eid (1991) on common bean.

 

c-      Effect of interaction between organic manure and NPK fertilization levels :

Data illustrated in Table 8 indicated that the interaction effect between 22.5 m³ cheep manure / hectare and 150-200-120 kg/ hectare NPK fertilization significantly increased the nutritive values of pea seeds, i.e. T.S.S in the second season, Ascorbic acid in both seasons and total soluble sugars percentages in the first season. The lowest nutritive values of pea seeds were obtained by 7.5 m³ cheep manure /hectare) with no NPK fertilization.

 

Table 8.  Interaction  effect  of   organic   manure and NPK  fertilization  on

               the nutritive values of pea seeds during 2006 / 2007 and 2007 / 2008 seasons.

Treatments		TSS %		Ascorbic acid mg/100gm f.w.		Total soluble                     sugars(%)
Organic manure m3/hectare	N        P         K    kg/hectare	2006/           2007	2007/              2008	2006/         2007	2007/              2008	2006/           2007	2007/              2008
	0        0         0	5.70	5.71	3.71	3.71	3.45	3.43
7.5	100   150      80	5.86	5.88	3.91	3.90	3.63	3.57
	150    200     120	6.10	6.03	4.06	4.03	3.70	3.69
	0          0         0	5.77	5.77	3.83	3.77	3.59	3.58
15.0	100     150      80	5.94	5.92	4.09	3.97	3.72	3.62
	150    200     120	6.35	6.10	4.23	4.14	3.84	3.74
	0          0         0	5.81	5.82	4.21	4.13	3.66	3.65
22.5	100     150      80	6.10	6.10	5.10	4.91	4.12	3.72
	150    200     120	6.50	6.49	5.44	5.10	4.34	4.00
LSD ( 0.05 )		NS	0.09	0.10	0.13	0.16	NS

 

Conclusively, it could be concluded that the best treatment for high pea plant growth, green pod yield and its components as well as nutritional values of seeds were 22.5 m³ cheep manure /hectare),150-200-120 kg / hectare NPK fertilization levels, and followed by the interaction between 22.5 m³ cheep manure /hectare with 150-200-120 kg/hectare NPK fertilization.

 

 

REFERENCES

 

Abo bakr, M. A.;M. N. M. Hassan;M. Y. El-Maziney and A. M. Ahmed (1993). Effect of fertilization rates of nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus on the growth and yield of peas (Pisum sativum L.).1.Fresh pod yield and yield quality. Minia Journal of  Agriculture Research & Development, 15 (1):37-49.

Abdalla,I.M.;F.A.Abou Sedera;E.H.Abou El-Salehein and N.T.                       Mansour (2000). Physiological studies on pea. A. Effect of plant                        density and NP fertilization on growth ,chemical composition                        and yield of pea (Pisum sativum L.). J. Product. & Dev., 5(1):13-                         35.

Bakry, M. O.;M. M. Abou El-Magd and A. M. Shaheen (1984).Response                                                       

            of growth and yield of pea (Pisum sativum L.) to plant                        population and NPK fertilization. Egyptian Journal of Hort., 11(2):151-161.

Bidwell,R.G.S(1979). Plant Physiology. 2^th ed. MacMillan Publishing Co. INC., New York.

Browaldh,M.(1992).Influence of organic and inorganic fertilizers on                         common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) grown in P-fixing                         Mollic Andosol. Biological Agriculture & Horticulture, 9(1):                         87-104 (C.F. Field Crop Abstr.,46:339, 1993).

Dubois,M.;K.A.Gilles;J.K.Hamilton;P.A.Rebere and F.Smith(1960).  Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances.  Analytical Chem., 28(3):350-356.

Edmond, J. B.;T. L. Senn;F. S. Znderws and R. G. Halfacre(1981). Fundamentals of Horticulture. Published by Tata Mc Graw- Hill Publishing Co. Limited, Indian  

Eid, S. M. (1991). Effect of NP- fertilization and NAA foliar spray on

 plant growth, chemical composition, flowering, seed yield and quality of common bean. Egyptian Journal of Applied Science, 6 (5):251-263.

El-Mansi, A. A. A.;A. Bardisi;H. M. E. Arisha, and E. M. Nour(1999). Studies on some factors affecting growth and yield of pea under sandy soil conditions using drip irrigation system.2.Effect of farmyard manure and irrigation water quantity. Zagazig Journal of Agriculture Research, 26(5): 409 – 1428.

Hassan,M.N.M.;M.M.Farrag;S.H.Gad El-Hak and R.H.M.Geeth(1993).              Effect of rhizobium, nitrogen and phosphorus application on growth and yield of peas.I.Fresh yield. Minia First Conference for Horticultural Crops, from 19 -21 October,1993.

Mattak-John (1970).Colorimetric determination of phosphorus in soil and plant materials with ascorbic acid. Soil Science, 109:214-220.

Osman, Fatma, A. A.(1998). Effect of organic manure, phosphorus and magnesium application on yield, yield components and nutrients uptake of peas. Zagazig Journal of Agriculture Research, 25(5):875-888.

Pyatkin, K. D. and Yu. S. Krivoshein (1980). Microbiology. Translated from the Russian by Aksenova, L. and V. Lisovskaya. Mir Publishers,  Moscow.

Singh, B.(1990).Note on response of garden pea to N and P application in north hills. Indian Journal of Hort.,47(1):107-108.

Snedecor,G.W. and W.G.Cochran (1980). Statistical Methods.7^th Ed., Iowa State University, Press Amer, Iowa, USA.

            

           

 

 

        

 

 

 

 

 

 

استجابة البسلة للتسمید العضوی والنتروجینی الفوسفاتی البوتاسی

 

عصام حسین أبوالصالحین*،أحمد أسماعیل شرف**،وفاء عادل فکری***

*قسم الإنتاج النباتی- معهد الکفایة الإنتاجیة- جامعة الزقازیق- الزقازیق- مصر. **قسم علوم الأراضی والمیاه - کلیة الزراعة – الشاطبی- جامعة الأسکندریة – الأسکندریة- مصر.

 

 

أجریت تجربة حقلیة بمزرعة بمنطقة الزاویة- لیبیا ، خلال موسمی 2006/2007 ،2007/2008 لدراسة تأثیر التسمید العضوی (سماد الغنم) بمعدلات 7.5،15،22.5 م³ / هکتار،وسماد نتروجینی فوسفاتی بوتاسی بمستویات   0-0- 0 ،100- 150-80 ، 150 -200 -120 کجم / هکتار،علی الترتیب علی نمو النبات ، محصول القرون الخضراء ومکوناته والقیمة الغذائیة لبذور البسلة صنف ماستر– ب .

وأوضحت النتائج أن اضافة 22.5 م³سماد الغنم / هکتار أعطی أعلی القیم لنمو نبات البسلة معبرآ عنها بارتفاع النبات،عدد الأوراق ووزنها الجاف، محصول القرون الخضراء ومکوناته معبرآ عنها بعدد القرون / نبات،متوسط وزن القرن،محصول القرون الخضراء الکلی للنبات والهکتار،وعدد البذور بالقرن وکذلک القیمة الغذائیة لبذور البسلة وهی النسب المئویة لکل من المواد الصلبة الذائبة الکلیة،حامض الأسکوربیک والسکریات الذائبة الکلیة. وأیضا تم الحصول علی أعلی القیم للصفات المذکورة سابقا بإضافة معدل 150-200-120 کجم نتروجین فوسفور بوتاسیوم / هکتار، علی الترتیب.

کما أدی التفاعل بین التسمید العضوی بمعدل 22.5 م³ / هکتار من سماد الغنم ومعدل 150-200-120 کجم نتروجین فوسفور بوتاسیوم / هکتار إلی أعلی زیادة معنویة لمعظم صفات النمو ،محصول القرون الخضراء ومکوناته والقیمة الغذائیة للبذور.

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