RESPONSE OF LAVENDER PLANT (Lavandula multifida L.) TO COMPOST AND ACTIVE DRY YEAST.

RESPONSE OF LAVENDER PLANT (Lavandula multifida L.) TO COMPOST AND ACTIVE DRY YEAST.

 

E.A.E. El-Ghadban; K.M.K. El-Tobgy and S.G.I. Soliman

Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Department, Horticulture Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt.

 

ABSTRACT

This study was carried out at the Experimental Nursery of Department of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Horticultural Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, during the two successive seasons of 2003 and 2004.  The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of organic fertilizer (compost) at the rate of 25, 50 and 75 g/pot, and bio-fertilization (active dry yeast, ADY) at 5g/ L on the growth, oil yield and chemical composition of lavender (Lavandula multifida L.) plants. Two cuts were taken during two seasons. Data on vegetative growth, flowering, essential oil production and plant constituents were recorded. The results revealed an increases in plant height, No. of branches/plant, No. of leaves/plant, No. of main spikes/ plant, total fresh and dry weights/ plant, volatile oil percentage in both leaves and spikes, leaves and spikes oil yield/ plant, total volatile oil yield/ plant. Furthermore, results of GLC analysis of the essential oil components revealed an increment in 1, 8 cineole, linalool, linalyl acetate and borneol. Also, there were increments in photosynthetic pigments contents, carbohydrates content and mineral contents due to the treatments of compost either alone or in combination with active dry yeast. This could result in environmentally safe plants to minimize the hazards of pollution caused by using mineral fertilizers.  

Keywords: Lavandula multifida, compost, dry yeast, growth parameters, essential oil percentage, essential oil components.

 

INTRODUCTION

Lavender plant belongs to Family Lamiaceae (Labiateae) is a perennial herbs, subshrubs or shrubs. Lavandula mutifida, L. (cut-leaved lavender) is a herbaceous biennial, evergreen, 1-2 ft. high; flowers lilac, propagated by seeds in summer to fall.  Not widely cultivated (Bailey, 1930). It is native of Mediterranean region, grows wild and spontaneously on the dry, barren, sunny mountain slopes of Southern France adjacent Italy.  Lavandula multifida, L. is found rare continuing to live from year to year here in the sense of herbaceous plants in Egypt in the part of the Arabian desert from Qena – El Qosseir road Southwards to Sudan boundary stands for meridionale south (Täckholm, 1974).

Oil of lavender is one of the most popular essential oils.  It has a delightfully clear, refreshing and yet sweet odor which blends with many other essential oils.  It is used as a carminative and spasmolytic in the form of a compound tincture, which is also used as a coloring and flavoring agent.  It is used largely in perfumery, toilet waters, in soap manufacture and occasionally to cover disagreeable odors in ointments and other preparations.  Oil contains chiefly linalool and linalyl acetate, it also contains pinene, limonene, geraniol and sesquiterpene (Guenther, 1961).

In the recent years, the safe agriculture is one of the main attitudes in the World (El-Kouny, 2002).  Also, there has been an increasing awareness of the undesirable impact of mineral fertilizers on the environment, as well as the potentially dangerous effects of chemical residue in plant tissues on the health of human consumers.  As a result of this awareness, strict regulations and restrictions have been imposed in several countries (especially in the European markets) prohibiting the import of "chemically grown" products.  This has led growers of medicinal and aromatic plants in many countries to adopt organic and biological agricultural methods (for fertilization, pests control …etc.).

  Composting of agricultural residues by supplying the natural microbioal flora present on them with their requirements of inorganic nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and by applying a proper moistening and turning resulted in a final product with high ability to improve soils and enhance plant growth (Mohamed and Matter, 2001; Badran, 2002 and El-Ghadban et al., 2003a).

  Moreover, compost with its content of humic substances and microbial materials, has been shown to improve physical, chemical and microbiological conditions, moisture contents, and reduce leaching of nutrients, water run-off and soil erosion (Amin et al., 1999).

   Great attention has been focused on the possibility of using natural and safety fertilizers and/or growth substances. From these substances yeast (natural stimulator) are characterized by its richness in protein and Vit. B content (thiamin, riboflavin and pyridoxins). Also, yeast are prolific producers of vitamins, amino acids, hormones and other growth regulating substances (El-Ghadban et al., 2003b).  Eventually, Ahmed et al. (1998) found that the application yeast at 2 g/L to Hibiscus sabdariffa significantly improved growth and yield of calyxes.

   Regarding the chemical analysis of the active dry yeast, Ahmed et al., (1997) found that it contained protein 34.87%, ash 7.55%, glycogen 6.54%, fats 2.9% and cellulose 4.92%.  Yeast contains tryptophan which is considered as a precursor of IAA, so it plays an important role in regulating the growth of plants (Moor, 1979).  Yeast also contains cytokinins, thus delays the aging of leaves by the way of retarding the degradation of chlorophyll and enhancing the synthesis of protein and RNA (Natio et al., 1981).

  The purpose of this study was to minimize the consumption of agrochemicals which are used to grow medicinal and aromatic plants in a way of maximizing the safety of these products to human consumers.         

 

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This study was carried out at the Experimental Nursery of Department of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Horticultural Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, during the two successive seasons of 2003 and 2004.  The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of organic fertilizer (compost) and bio-fertilization (active dry yeast) on the growth, oil yield and chemical composition of lavender (Lavandula multifida L.) plants. Lavender seedlings (12-15 cm long with 7-8 leaves) were planted on 15^th November, 2003 and 20^th November, 2004 in 30-cm clay pots, each pot filled with 10kgs sandy soil (obtained from the Shabrament area, Giza). The chemical characteristics of the sandy soil are shown in Table (1). The plants were supplied with the following fertilization treatments: (1) Unfertilized (control), (2) Compost at rate of 25 g/pot (equivalent to 2.5 ton/fad) C1, (3) Compost at rate of 50 g/pot, C2, (4) Compost at rate of 75 g/pot, C3, (5) C1, (6) C2, (7) C3 + bio-fertilization (active dry yeast foliar spray at 5 g/L) for each. The physical and chemical characteristics of the compost are shown in Table (2). Organic fertilization was added twice, the first dose was incorporated into the potting medium 2 weeks before planting, and the second dose was added after the first cut. The experiment was designed using the complete randomized blocks design. The experiment included seven treatments, with three replicates, and twelve pots for each replicate.  In each season, two cuts were taken by cutting the vegetative parts and flowering tops of all the plants 10 cm above the soil surface.

  The two cuts of lavender were taken on 1^st June and 10^th August in the first season, while in the 2^nd season on 5^th June and 15^th August. Data on the dry matter (viz. dry weight, nutrient and carbohydrates contents) were recorded after drying the herb at 70^oC until a constant weight. Data recorded on growth (plant height, No. branches, No. of leaves/plant and leaves: stems ratio), oil content and oil yield were statistically analyzed, and separation of means was performed using the Least Significant Difference (L.S.D) test at the 5% level, as described by Little and Hills (1978).

 Analysis:

Soil:  Mechanical and chemical analysis of soil before planting was carried out according to Black et al., (1965), (Table 1).

Compost: All chemical and microbiological characteristics of compost were executed according to Page et al., (1982), (Table 2).

Active dry yeast (ADY) chemical analysis,  (Table 3).

 

Table 1.  Physical and chemical properties of the experimental soil.

   * - E.C: Electric conductivity ds/ m at 25^oC.

 

 

             The oil percentage was determined in the fresh herb and spikes using the method described by the British Pharmacopoeia (1963) and the essential oil yield per plant was calculated in proportion to the herb fresh weight (oil yield per plant = herb fresh weight × oil percentage). Oil samples taken from the second cut of the second season were analyzed using gas liquid chromatograph (GLC), to determine their main constituents [as described by Bunzen et al. (1969) and Hoftman (1967)]. The contents of chlorophyll a, b and total carotenoids were determined in fresh leaf samples (mg/ g fresh matter) according to Saric et al.(1967), while the total carbohydrates content in the dried herb was determined using the method described by Herbert et al.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(1971). Samples of dried herb were digested for elements extraction using the method described by Piper (1947).

 The nitrogen content was determined in the extract by the modified micro-Kjeldahl method as described by Pregl (1945), while the phosphorus content was estimated using the method recommended by King (1951).  Potassium was determined by using a Pye Unicam Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (Model SP 1900) with a boiling air-acetylene burner according to the method described by Dewis and Freitas (1970). 

 

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

 

Effect of compost and active dry yeast on plant height, No.       branches/ plant, No. leaves/plant and leaves: stems ratio of      Lavandula multifida, L. plant:

  Concerning the plant height (cm), it is clearly shown from data in Table 4 that plant height was stimulated due to the tested factors. So, all the treatments recorded higher values in comparison to the control for the two cuts during the first and the second seasons. The highest values (43.01 and 45.65 cm) were recorded from compost at 75g/ pot., combined with yeast at 5g/ L in the 1^st cut of the two seasons, while the lowest values were (30.37 and 31.18 cm) from the control treatment in the 2^nd cut of the two seasons, respectively.

          Taking the number of branches/plant and number of leaves/plant into consideration, it is obviously concluded that, there were increments in all the values due to all treatments in both parameters under study during for the two cuts during both seasons. The highest values of No. branches/ plant (14.53 and 12.19) were recorded in case of compost at 75 g/ pot. Combined with yeast at 5g/ L treatment in  the second cut of the first and second seasons, respectively. It was also noticed that, all of the combination treatments gave mostly the same effect in this respect. So, differences were insignificant in most cases in both cuts of the two seasons. Data also showed that, adding the compost at all rates resulted in an increment in leaves No. per plant in comparison with control plants. Moreover, the combination between compost rates and ADY produced mostly the highest leaves No. per plant in comparison with both compost treatments and control as well. The highest values were recorded in case of C3 + ADY treatment in the 2 cuts in both seasons. Values were 201.67, 196.67, 170.00 and 200.00 leaves/ plant. However, the lowest ones (151.33, 160.67 and 130.00, 170.00) were produced from the control treatment in the 1^st and 2^nd cuts of both seasons, respectively. 

As for leaves: stems ratio, the same trend as previously noticed was taken during both the first and second seasons for both cuts. Generally, leaves/stems ratio recorded an increment in response to compost rates with

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

or without ADY. The highest responses in this respect were recorded due to compost at 75 g/ pot. Combined with yeast at 5g/ L in the 1^st and 2^nd cuts for the 1^st and 2^nd seasons, values were 3.90, 3.44 and 3.46, 3.83, respectively. However, the lowest values of leaves/ stems ratio were obtained for control plants in both cuts for the two seasons.

These results are in agreement with those obtained by Badran (2002) and El-Ghadban et al. (2003 a) who reported that supplying the natural microbial flora present in compost of agricultural residues enhances plant growth.  Moreover, El-Ghadban et al. (2003 b) stated that, adding yeast as a natural and safety fertilizer produces vitamins, amino acids, hormones and other growth regulating substances which leads to enhancing of all growth parameters. Also, Moor (1979) attributed the enhancing effect of yeast to its tryptophan content which is considered as a precursor of IAA, so it plays an important role in regulating the growth of plants.  Also, Ahmed et al., (1998) found that the application of ADY at 2 g/L to Hibiscus sabdariffa significantly improved growth and yield of calyxes. In addition, Eid (2001) on coriander concluded that spraying with ADY by the rate of 1 g/L increased plant height. No. of branches, No. of umbels/ plant, weight of fruits/ plant, Weight of fruits/ plot.

   In addition, Naguib (2002) on Cymbopogon flexuosus, found that spraying plants with bread yeast gave higher values for all characters. 

   El-Ghadban et al., (2003b) concluded that spraying (Ricinus communis L.) plant with ADY enhanced plant height, No of branches/ plant, stem diameter, No. of leaves/ plant, leaf area, fresh and dry weights of leaves El-Ghadban et al. (2003 a) on marjoram plants, stated that all growth characters in all cuts significantly increased at the higher compost level        (75 g/pot.).  They also added that the positive effect of compost may be due to its high nutritional value and its role in the improvement of physical, chemical and biological properties. 

   Recently, Heikal (2005) on thyme plants, indicated that, the application of ADY significantly increased plant height, No. of branches/ plant, leaf: stems fresh weight ratio and fresh and dry weights.

 

Effect of compost and active dry yeast on No. of main spikes/ plant, No. of secondary spikes/ spike, length of spikes, and fresh weight of             spikes/ plant:

From data in Table 5, it is clear that the No. of main spikes/ plant and the No. of secondary spikes/ spike were greatly affected by all treatments as they recorded higher values compared to control for both first and second cuts. Actually, compost + ADY treatments were found to be the most effective than compost only in stimulating spikes growth in lavender plants. The highest values of No. of main spikes and No. of secondary spikes/ spike were mostly produced from T7 (compost 75 g/pot with ADY). While, the

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

lowest values in this concern were found in case of control plants. These results hold true in the two cuts for the two seasons.

Taking length of spikes (cm) and fresh weight of spikes/plant in concern, the same trend was observed showing higher values in comparison with controls for both cuts during the first and second seasons. The highest values of length of spikes (18.03, 15.41 and 23.48, 23.62 cm) were recorded from T7 in the 1^st and 2^nd cuts for the 1^st and 2^nd seasons, respectively.  However, the lowest values resulted from control (14.81, 11.26 and 18.18, 17.49 cm) for the 1^st and 2^nd cuts in the 1^st and 2^nd seasons, respectively.  Furthermore, the highest values of fresh weight of spikes/plant (23.21 and 27.43 g.) in the 1^st and 2^nd cuts of the 1^st season were recorded from T7, and (18.29 and 25.46 g.) were recorded from T7 and T5 in the 1^st and 2^nd cuts of the 2^nd season, respectively.  While, the lowest values (15.07, 18.36 g.) and (8.75, 9.46 g.) were recorded from the control in the 1^st and 2^nd cuts of the 1^st and 2^nd seasons, respectively 

        

Effect of compost and active dry yeast on fresh weight of leaves/ plant and total fresh and dry weights/ plant:

From data in Table 6, it is obviously shown that, during both seasons, the lowest values of fresh weight of leaves/plant (g) and total fresh and dry weights/plant (g.) were recorded with the control. All the treatments gave higher values of the aforementioned parameters than control for the first and the second cuts during both seasons. The highest values of fresh weight of leaves/ plant (48.02, 59.13 and 42.88, 57.70 g.) were recorded from T7 in the 1^st and 2^nd cuts in 1^st and 2^nd seasons, respectively, while the lowest (31.48, 42.13 and 24.05, 38.48g.) were exhibited from control in both cuts in the 1^st and 2^nd seasons, respectively.  Moreover, the highest values of total fresh weight/ plant (71.23, 86.57 and 61.17, 79.89 g.) were recorded from T7 in the 1^st and 2^nd cuts in 1^st and 2^nd seasons, respectively, while control exhibited the lowest values (46.55, 60.49 and 32.80, 47.94 g.) in both cuts in the 1^st and 2^nd seasons, respectively.  Furthermore, the highest values of total dry weight/ plant (21.75, 26.79 and 18.28, 23.97 g.) were recorded from T7 in both cuts in 1^st and 2^nd seasons, respectively, while the lowest ones (12.30, 16.05 and 8.34, 12.40 g.) were recorded from untreated samples (control) in both cuts of 1^st and 2^nd seasons, respectively.

These results are parallel to those obtained by Naguib (2002) on Cymobopogon flexuosus, who found that spraying plants with bread yeast gave higher values for all characters. Moreover, Heikal (2005) who stated that applying ADY to thyme plants significantly increased fresh and dry weights. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Effect of compost and active dry yeast on oil% in spikes, oil yield of spikes/ plant, oil% in leaves, oil yield of leaves and total oil yield/ plant:  

Concerning oil % in spikes, results in Table 7 demonstrates that, there is an obvious decrement in this parameter due to all treatments in comparison to control for both cuts during the first and second seasons. The highest values (0.052, 0.042% and 0.047, 0.042%) were recorded from control in both cuts in 1^st and 2^nd seasons, respectively, while the lowest values (0.045 and 0.035%) were obtained from T3, T6 and T2 in the 1^st and 2^nd cuts in the first season and (0.035 and 0.027%) were recorded from T6 in 1^st and 2^nd cuts in the 2nd season, respectively.

On the other hand, oil yield of spikes ml/plant had an opposite trend as it increased as a result of all treatments for both the first and second cuts during both seasons.  The highest values (0.012 and 0.012 ml/ plant were obtained from T4 and T7 in the 1^st cut and T7 in the 2^nd cut in the first season, respectively and (0.007 and 0.008 ml/plant) were recorded from  (T5 and T7) in 1^st cut and T5 in the 2^nd cut in the 2^nd season, respectively. Whereas, the lowest values were exhibited from the control (0.008, 0.007 and 0.004, 0.004 ml/ plant) in both cuts at 1^st and 2^nd seasons,  respectively.

 Taking the oil% in leaves into consideration, it is coincided that it showed a decreasing trend as control recorded the highest values. All treatments resulted in lower values compared to control during the first and second seasons, for both cuts. The highest values (0.075, 0.060 and 0.068, 0.060%) were recorded from control in both cuts of 1^st and 2^nd seasons, respectively, while the lowest ones (0.060, 0.045 and 0.055, 0.042%) were recorded from T4, T2 and T7, T3 in both cuts of 1^st and 2^nd seasons, respectively.

 Contrarily, as for oil yield of leaves ml/plant and total oil yield ml/ plant, all treatments gave higher values in comparison with control for the first and second cuts during both studied seasons. The highest values of oil yield of leaves/ plant (0.033, 0.035 and 0.025, 0.030 ml/ plant) were recorded from T5, T6 and T5, T2 in both cuts of 1^st and 2^nd seasons, respectively, while control exhibited the lowest values in this parameter (0.024, 0.026 and 0.017, 0.023 ml/ plant) for both cuts in 1^st and 2^nd seasons, respectively. Also, the highest values of total oil yield ml/plant (0.044, 0.046 and 0.030, 0.037 ml/ plant) were recorded from T5, T6 and T7 and T5 for both cuts in 1^st and 2^nd seasons, respectively, however, the lowest values (0.031, 0.033 and 0.021, 0.027 ml/ plant) were recorded from control for both cuts in 1^st and 2^nd seasons, respectively.

 These results agreed with those obtained by Heikal (2005) on thyme plants, reported that the application of ADY increased essential oil yield. On the contrary, Naguib (2002) stated that the most pronounced increments in essential oil% and oil yield were recorded from applying the combination of farmyard manure and bread yeast to Cymbopogon flexuosus.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Effect of compost and active dry yeast on essential oil constituents:

Table 8 clearly shows the effect of adding compost alone or in combination with ADY to lavender plants on the essential oil components analyzed by gas chromatography technique, during the 2^nd cut of the 2^nd season.

It is clearly evident that the main components were 1, 8 cineole, linalool and terpinen-4-ol as they recorded 20.24, 27.94 and 32.13%, respectively. The results revealed that adding compost alone or in combination with ADY caused increases in some components of the essential oil such as linalool, 1, 8 cineole, linalyl acetate and borneol especially in the treatments where ADY was added, while other components fluctuated between increases and decreases due to treatments. The highest contents of 1, 8 cineole and linalool were found in case of T7 (75 g compost + ADY).

These results are in agreement with the findings obtained by Eid (2001) who stated that spraying ADY on coriander alone or with calcium superphosphate gave the highest values of linalool and borneol. Moreover, Salman (2004) on basil plant found that applying yeast plus NPK or biofertilizers led to an increase in linalool, methyl chavicol, cineole and eugenol.

 

Effect of compost and active dry yeast on photosynthetic pigments and total carbohydrates percentage:

  It is clearly shown from the Table 9 that, chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophylls (mg/ g. fresh weight) exhibited an increase than the control due to all studied treatments.  Also, carotenoids content (mg/ g. fresh weight) and total carbohydrates percentage had the same trend as chlorophyll for both first and second cuts during the first and second seasons. Concerning chl. A, the highest values (1.99, 1.95 and 2.03, 2.09 mg/ g. F.W.) were recorded from T7, T7 and T6, T7 for both cuts in 1^st and 2^nd seasons, respectively, while the lowest values were exhibited from control in both cuts in the two seasons.

         Concerning chl. B, the highest values (0.60 and 0.61 mg/ g.) were recorded from (T4 and T3) for the 1^st and 2^nd cuts in the 1^st season. In the 2^nd season, the values were (0.59, 0.61 and 0.61 mg/ g.) for T6 in the 1^st cut and T4 and T6 in the 2^nd cut, respectively. Meanwhile, T7 values recorded insignificant differences in comparison with the aforementioned treatments in most cases. However, control treatment recorded the lowest values (0.48, 0.51 and 0.42, 0.50 mg/ g. F.W.) for both cuts in 1^st and 2^nd seasons, respectively.

As for total chlorophylls, the highest values (2.55, 2.50 and 2.62, 2.68 mg / g.) were recorded from T7, T7 and T6, T7 in both 1^st and 2^nd

 

Table 8: Response of lavender plant (Lavandula multifida L.) to compost and active dry yeast on essential oil components of Lavandula multifida L. at the 2^nd cut of 2004 season.

 * RRT = Relative Retention Time         C = Compost                 ADY = Active Dry Yeast  

 

seasons, respectively. However, control exhibited the lowest values in both cuts in the first and second seasons.

Taking the carotenoids content into consideration, it is obviously noticed that the highest values (1.18, 1.34 and 1.41, 1.35 mg/ g.) were exhibited from T6, T6 and T6, T4 in 1^st and 2^nd cuts in the 1^st and 2^nd seasons, respectively, while the lowest ones (0.87, 1.10 and 0.82, 1.08 mg/ g. F.W.) were recorded from control treatment in both cuts in 1^st and 2^nd seasons, respectively. 

Regarding total carbohydrates content, it is clearly shown that highest values (17.10, 16.36 and 15.96 16.18 %) were recorded from T7, T6 and T6, T6 in both cuts in 1^st and 2^nd seasons, respectively, however, control treatment gave the lowest values (13.98, 14.33 and 13.98, 14.33 %) in both cuts in 1^st and 2^nd seasons, respectively. 

These results coincides with those obtained by Heikal (2005) who mentioned that the application of ADY significantly increased chlorophyll a, b carotenoids and total carbohydrates contents.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

However, Natio et al. (1981) who concluded that yeast contains cytokinins thus delays the aging of leaves by the way of retardation of chlorophyll.

 

Effect of compost and active dry yeast on mineral content (%):

Results in Table 10 revealed the effect of adding compost alone or in combination with ADY to lavender plants on mineral contents (N, P and K) during the two studied seasons.

It is clear that N, P and K contents were greatly affected by all treatments, as they had an increasing trend due to all treatments in comparison with the control for both cuts during the first and second seasons. Concerning N%, the highest values (2.46, 2.50 and 2.14, 2.46%) were resulted from T7, T7 and T6, T6 in both cuts in 1^st and 2^nd seasons, respectively, while the lowest ones (1.35, 1.67 and 1.25, 1.63%) resulted from control treatment in both 1^st and 2^nd cuts in the 1^st and 2^nd seasons, respectively.

Taking P % into consideration, the highest values (0.75, 0.68 and 0.65, 0.64%) were recorded from T7, T7 and T6, T4 in 1^st and 2^nd cuts in both first and second seasons, respectively, however, the lowest values (0.44, 0.51 and 0.42, 0.50%) were exhibited from control treatment in 1^st and 2^nd cuts in the 1^st and 2^nd seasons, respectively.

  As for K%, highest values (5.00, 5.13 and 3.88, 4.50%) which resulted from T6, T6 and (T4, T7) and T6 in  1^st and 2^nd cuts in both 1^st and 2^nd seasons, respectively. While control treatment exhibited the lowest values (2.75, 3.25 and 2.64, 3.25%) in both 1^st and 2^nd cuts in the first and second seasons, respectively.

   These results are in agreement with those mentioned by Naguib (2002) reported that the most pronounced increments in N, P and K contents and uptake resulted from spraying Cymbopogon flexuosus with the combination of farmyard manure and bread yeast. Also, Heikal (2005) who concluded that the application of ADY caused significant increment in N, P, Fe, Zn and Mn contents especially at the rate of 4 g/ L.

Conclusively, from these results it could be concluded that using these treatments (compost and ADY) could result in environmentally safe plants to minimize the hazards of pollution caused by using mineral fertilizers.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

REFERENCES

 

Ahmed, F.F.; A.A. Gobara; M.A. Ragab and A.E.M. Mansour (1997): Improving the efficiency of spraying different nutrient for red roomy grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) by using glycerol and active dry yeast. Egyptian   Journal of  Hort., 24 (1): 91-108.

Ahmed, S.K.; E.O. El-Ghawas and A.F. Aly (1998): Effect of active dry yeast and organic manure on roselle plant. Egyptian Journal of Agric. Res., 76 (3): 1115-1143.

Amin, G.A.; M.H. Mostafa; A.A. Amer and I.R. Refae (1999): Potential microorganisms for rapid and nutritionally enriched compost. Proc. of 1^st Con.  On Recent Technologies in Agric., Cairo Univ., Faculty of Agriculture, Egypt, Nov. 27-29, IV: 804-822.

Badran, M.S.S. (2002): Organic VS. mineral fertilization on yield and yield components of some barley varietiesunder sandy soil conditions. Proc. Minia 1^st Conf. For Agriculture & Environ. Science, Minia, Egypt, March, 25-28 : 917-934.

Bailey, L.H. (1930): The standard cyclopedia of Horticulture. The McMillan Co. New York.

Black, C.A.; D.D. Evans; L.E. Ensminger; J.L. White; F.C. Clark and R.C. Dinauer (1965): Methods of Soil Analysis. Agronomy, g.: A.S.A., inc., Madison, Wisconsis, USA.

British Pharmacopoeia (1963): Determination of volatile oil in Drugs. The pharmaceutical Press, London.

Bunzen, J.; N. Guichard; Labbe; P. Prevot; J. Sperpinet and J. Trenchant (1969): Practical Manual of Gas Chromatograph. J. Trenchant Ed., El-Seivier Publ. Comp., Amsterdam, London.

Dewis, J. and F. Freitas (1970): Physical and chemical methods of soil and water analysis. Food and Agriculture Organization of the U.N, Soils Bulletin No. 10.

Eid, Malaka I. (2001):  Responses of coriander plant to foliar spray with active dry yeast and phosphorus fertilization. Journal of Agriculture Sci., Mansoura Univ., 26 (12): 7869-7878.

El-Ghadban, E.A.E.; A.M. Ghallab and A.F. Abdel-Wahab (2003a): Effect of organic fertilizer and biofertilization on growth, yield and chemical composition of marjoram plants under newly reclaimed soil conditions. Journal of Agriculture Sci., Mansoura Univ., 28 (9): 6957-6973.

El-Ghadban, E.A.E.; Shadia, A. Kutb and M.I. Eid (2003b): Effect of foliar spraying with active dry yeast and complete fertilizer (Sengral) on growth, yield and fixed oil of (Ricinus communis L.). Egyptian Pharm. Journal, 1: 55-66.

El-Kouny, H.M. (2002): Effect of organic fertilizer in different application rates under salinity stress Goudvion on soil and plant. International Symposium and Optimum Resources Utilization in Salt-Affected              Ecosystems in Arid and Semi-Arid Regions. 8-11 April 2002, Cairo-Egypt, Le Meridian Heliopolis Hotel, Abs. Book 33.

Guenther, E. (1961): The Essential Oils. III, 440-492. Van Nostrand Reinhold, London.

Heikal, Amaal, A.M. (2005): Effect of organic and bio-fertilization on growth, production and composition of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) plant. M.Sc. Thesis, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo Univ., Egypt.

Herbert, D.; P.J. Phipps and R.E. Stravge (1971): Determination of Total Carbohydrates. Methods in Microbiology, 5 (B): 290-344.

Hoftman, E. (1967): Chromatography. Reinhold Publ. Corp., 2^nd ed. 208-515.

King, E.J. (1951): Micro-Analysis in Medical Biochemistry. 2^nd ed., Churchill Publishing Co., London.

Little, T.M. and F.J. Hills (1978): Agricultural Experimentation Design and Analysis, 53-60, 63-65. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

Mohamed, S.A. and F.M.A. Matter (2001): Effect of ammonium nitrate and organic fertilizers on growth, volatile oil yield and chemical constituents of marigold (Tagetes minuta L.) plant.  Fayoum Journal of Agriculture Res., 15 (1): 95-107.

Moor, T.C. (1979): Biochemistry and physiology of plant hormones.  Springer Verlag, New York, U.S.A.

Naguib, Y. Nabila (2002): Yield and quality of lemongrass plants (Cymbopogon flexuosus, Stampf) as influenced by farmyard manure and foliar application of bread yeast. Annals of Agriculture  Sci. , Cairo Univer., 47 (3): 859-873.

Natio, K.; S. Nagamo; K. Furye and H. Suzki (1981): Effect of benzyladenine on RNA and protein-synthesis in intact bean leaves at various stages of aging. Physiology of Plant, 52: 343-348.

Page, A.I.; R.H. Miller and T.R. Keeney (1982): Methods of soil analysis. Part 2, Amer. Soc. Agr. Inc. Madison. WI 9: 595.

Piper, C.S. (1947): Soil and plant Analysis. 258-275. Univ. of Adelaida, Adelaida.

Pregl, P. (1945): Quantitative Organic Microanalysis. 4^th ed., Churchill Publishing Co., London.

Salman, A.S. (2004): Effect of bio-fertilization on Ocimum basilicum L. plant. M. Sc. Thesis, Fac. Agric., Cairo Univ., Egypt.

Saric, M.; R. Kastrori; R. Curic; T. Cupina and I. Geric (1967): Chlorophyll Determination. Univ. Unoven Sadu Praktikum is Fiziologize Biljaka, Beogard, Hauncna, Anjiga, 215.

Täckholm, V. (1974): Students' Flora of Egypt. Second Edition Publisher: Cairo University Cooperative Printing Co.: Beirut.

 

 

إستجابة نبات اللافندر للتسمید العضوی (الکمبوست) والتسمید الحیوی (الخمیرة)

 

الموافی عبد الموافی الغضبان،    کریم مصطفی کمال الطوبجی،    سعید جبر إبراهیم سلیمان

قسم بحوث النباتات الطبیة والعطریة، معهد بحوث البساتین، مرکز البحوث الزراعیة، الجیزة، مصر.

 

تمت هذه الدراسة فی مزرعة قسم بحوث النباتات الطبیة والعطریة بمعهد بحوث البساتین، مرکز البحوث الزراعیة بالدقی خلال موسمین 2003 و 2004. بهدف دراسة تأثیر السماد العضوی (الکمبوست) والتسمید الحیوی (الخمیرة) علی النمو والمحصول والزیت الطیار والترکیب الکیماوی لنبات اللافندر. وتم أخذ حشتین فی کل موسم, وسجلت البیانات الخاصة بالنمو الخضری والزهری وإنتاج الزیت الطیار والمحتوی الکیماوی لنباتات اللافندر. ویمکن تلخیص أهم النتائج فیما یلی:

 أظهرت النتائج زیادة فی طول النبات، وعدد الأفرع، والأوراق، والنورات الرئیسیة/ نبات، وإجمالی الوزن الطازج والجاف/ نبات، ونسبة الزیت الطیار فی الأوراق، ومحصول الزیت الکلی/ نبات.

 کما أظهرت نتائج تحلیل مکونات الزیت الطیار زیادة فی کل من اللینالول والبورنیول والسینیول وخلات اللینالیل، وکذلک زاد المحتوی من الصبغات والکربوهیدرات والعناصر المعدنیة ( النتروجین والفسفور والبوتاسیوم) نتیجة لإضافة السماد العضوی (الکمبوست) سواء بمفرده أو مصحوبا بإضافة السماد الحیوی (الخمیرة).

ونتیجة لاستخدام السماد العضوی والحیوی فإنه یمکن الحصول علی نبات آمن بیئیآ یؤدی إلی الحد من أضرار التلوث البیئی الناشیء عن استخدام الأسمدة المعدنیة.

Article View: 1,033