EFFECT OF CALCIUM, PHYTASE AND VITAMIN D3 ON PERFORMANCE OF JAPANESE QUAIL LAYERS.

Effect of calcium, phytase and vitamin d₃ on performance of japanese quail layers.

 

I. I.Hassan; M.S. Shoeib; M.M.Shehata; and M.H. Saher Osman

Animal Production Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.

 

ABSTRACT:

a total number of 216 laying hens and 108 cocks of Japanese quail at 6 weeks of age were randomly divided into 12 treatment groups (18 hens and 9 cocks in each). Each group of birds was sub-divided into three replicates each of six females and 3 males.  Birds in all treatments were nearly similar in average initial body weights and average daily egg production. A 2x3x2 factorial design experiment was performed including two levels of calcium (2.0 and 2.5%), three levels of supplemented phytase (0, 500 and 1000 FTU/Kg diet) and two levels of vitamin D₃ (1000 and 2000 ICU/Kg diet) during the experimental period from 6 to 16 weeks of age. Productive and reproductive performance, egg quality, some blood constituents and bone characteristics formation were studied.

The results obtained could be summarized as follows:

1 - Calcium level had no significant effect on body weight, egg production, egg number, egg weight, egg mass,  egg quality traits, egg components studied and reproductive of Japanese quail layers during all experimental periods. While, feed intake was significantly (P<0.05) lower for hens fed the diet containing 2.5% calcium compared to those received 2% calcium during all the experimental periods. Also, feed conversion was significantly (P<0.05) decreased with increasing calcium level from 2.0% to 2.5% during 11–16 and 6-16 weeks of age.

2 -Values of carcass and dressing weights/100g pre-slaughter weight were significantly (P<0.01) higher for Japanese quail layers fed 2.5% calcium compared with those of layers fed 2% dietary calcium.

3 - Microbial phytase supplementation (500 and 1000 FTU/Kg) improved significantly (P<0.05 or P<0.01) all productive performance traits during all the experimental periods except for feed conversion, egg production, egg number and egg weight during 6-11 weeks of age.

4- Hatchability/ total eggs % and hatchability/ fertile eggs % were improved significantly (P<0.01) by increasing phytase level.

5- Layers fed 1000 ICU Vit. D₃/Kg showed significant improvement in egg production (P<0.01) and egg number (P<0.05) during 11-16 weeks of age compared with those fed 2000 ICU Vit. D₃/Kg diet

6 - Egg yolk % was increased significantly (P<0.05) of hens fed diets containing 1000 ICU Vit. D₃, on the other hand shell % was increased significantly (P<0.05) of hens fed diets containing 2000 ICU Vit. D₃

7 - Gizzard weight was increase significant (P<0.05) of hens fed diets containing 2000 ICU Vit. D₃/Kg diet compared with 1000 ICU Vit. D₃/Kg diet.

8 - Bone ash and bone calcium percentages were increased significantly (P<0.05) of Japanese quail layers fed diets supplemented with 2000 ICU Vit. D₃/Kg diet compared with 1000 ICU Vit. D₃/Kg

 9 - All productive performance traits studied except egg weight during 6-11 weeks of age were significantly (P<0.05 or P<0.01) influenced by the interaction between calcium, phytase and Vit. D₃ levels during all the experimental period.  Also, hatchability/ total eggs, hatchability/ fertile eggs,  yolk index and yolk % were significantly (P<0.05) affected by the interaction between calcium, microbial phytase supplementation and vit, D₃ levels.

10 - Plucked, gizzard and dressing weights/ 100g pre-slaughter weight  were significant effect (P<0.05) due to the interaction between calcium, phytase and Vit. D₃ levels

Key words: Japanese quail, calcium, phytase, vitamin D₃, performance, egg quality.

 

INTRODUCTION

         Japanese quail need optimal environmental conditions especially nutrition and feeding techniques. Balancing the diet with the essential nutrients to augment production, minimizing stress and environmental pollution is the growing issue. Calcium is the most important mineral constituting the eggshell and plays a predominate role in determining eggshell quality. Although problems associated with shell quality have been studied extensively in hen, very limited information is available in quail, a species, which is extensively used because of the increasing role in the production of egg and meat. Nelson et al. (1964) reported that laying quail needs about 2.5 to 3% of calcium since this is the main constituent of the egg shell. Ong and Shim (1972) observed that growing as well as laying quail were in positive calcium balance as long as the diets contained 0.8, 1.5, 2.6 or 3.5% calcium, while the level of 3.5% dietary calcium, reduced hatchability. Improvement in genetic has led to higher egg production with increased egg size than achieved earlier, which may influence the calcium requirements. Accordingly, many attempts have been undertaken to reduce the cost of feeds and improve feed conversion efficiency by supplementing diets with enzyme preparation.

Phytase supplementation significantly reduced the impact of low dietary Ca on hen performance (Gordon and Roland, 1998).A number of studies have indicated that supplementing poultry diets with microbial phytase enzyme results in improved performance (Kiiskinen et al., 1994 and Van Der Klis et al., 1996), this improved performance has largely been attributed to the liberation of the phosphates that can be absorbed. Work with broilers has showed on increase in the availability of Zn, Ca, Mn and Mg when diets were supplemented with phytase (Pallufe et al., 1994; Yi et al., 1996 and Biehd et al., 1995).

Cholecalciferol (vitamin D₃) undergoes two hydroxycholecalciferol and secondarily 1, 25 dihydroxylcholecalciferol (Nicholson et al., 1979, Abe et al., 1982 and Soares, 1984). Therefore, it may be accepted that dietary cholecalciferol can play an important role in controlling blood level of 1, 25 – dihydroxycholecalciferol and sequentially in stimulating calcium absorption and deposition. Clark and Potts (1977) reported that supplementation of cholecalciferol from low to high doses resulted in almost linear increase in circulating 25, hydroxycholecalciferol. Calcium absorption was enhanced by adding 75 µg/Kg (One ICU= 0.025µg) of cholecalciferol to diet (Cohene et al., 1978).The results obtained by Kashavarz (1996) indicated that egg shell quality and bone mineneralization increased by increasing of dietary cholecalciferol above the requirement levels. In recent studies by Hansen et al., (2004) showed that the addition of vitamin D₃ to diet significantly improved calcium absorption.

Also, it has been shown that some additively or synergistic effects exist between phytase and Vit. D₃ for increasing the availability of phytate phosphorus to the birds (Harms et al., (1988)). Reports of the effect of phytase enzyme in layer diets are fewer and have not fully investigated the interaction among Available phosphorus, phytase and calcium.

Therefore the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of calcium, microbial phytase and vitamin D₃ on performance, egg quality, bone characteristic and some blood constituents of Japanese quail layers.

 

MATERIALS AND METHODS

         The present experiment was carried out at the Experimental Poultry Farm, Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Egypt. It was started on June 2006 and terminated 10 weeks later.

A total number of 216 hens and 108 cocks of Japanese quail at 6 weeks of age with nearly equal body weight and average egg production were randomly divided into 12 treatment groups (18 hens and 9 cocks in each group). Each group of birds was sub-divided into three replicates each of six females and 3 males. Each replicate was housed in one cage. A (2x3x2) factorial treatment arrangement was performed including two levels of calcium (2.0 and 2.5%), three levels of microbial phytase of Ronozyme P^® (0, 500 and 1000 FTU/Kg diet) and two levels of vitamin D₃ (1000 and 2000 ICU/Kg). The basal experimental diets were formulated to contain two levels of calcium being 2.0 and 2.5% as shown in Table 1.Each Basal diet was supplemented with microbial phytase to supply either 0, 500 or 1000 FTU/Kg diet and vitamin D₃ to supply 1000 or 2000 ICU/Kg within each dietary calcium level. Microbial phytase used in this study was a commercial preparation with a phytase activity of minimum 3300 FTU/g. All the experimental diets were formulated to cover the nutrient requirements of Japanese quail layers according to NRC (1994). Birds in each group were fed ad-libitum and the fresh water was available all the time during the experimental period (6-16 weeks of age). Individual body weight was recorded at 6,11 and 16 weeks of age, while egg number and egg weight were recorded daily and feed intake was calculated weekly. Egg mass was calculated by multiplying egg number by average egg weight. Feed conversion (g feed/g egg) was calculating after subtracting the male consumption (one third) from the total amount of the feed consumed. At 11 and 16 weeks of age, 36 eggs / treatment were collected from eggs laid on 4 successive days and placed into 3 trays (12 eggs / tray) in electronically incubators. After hatching, chicks were counted and non-hatched eggs were broken to determine the percentages of fertility and hatchability. Fertility was calculated as the percentage of fertile eggs from the total number of eggs, while, the hatchability was expressed as chicks hatched from fertile eggs and from total eggs.

Two eggs were randomly taken from each replicate, being, 6 eggs from each treatment at 16 weeks of age (end of the experimental period) for eggs quality measurements (egg shape index and yolk index) and egg components (albumin%, yolk%, shell%) were determined according to Shehata (2000). Specific gravity of eggs was determined by using the saline floatation method of Hempe et al., (1988). Salt solution was made in incremental concentration of 0.005 in the range of 1.065 to 1.120.

At 16 weeks of age, 3 hens from each treatment were randomly chosen having on average body weight around the treatment mean, deprived overnight from feed, weighed then slaughtered and after complete bleeding feather was removed. The carcass traits studied were giblets ( liver,  gizzard

 Table 1: Composition and chemical analysis of experimental basal diets.

* Vitamin mixture: each 1.5 kg contains: 10000000 IU Vit. A;30000 mg Vit. E; 3000mg Vit. K₃;1000mg Vit.B₁; 4000mg Vit. B₂; 3000mg Vit B₆; 15mg Vit. B₁₂; 25mg Biotin; 10000mg Pantothenic acid; 30000mg Nicotinic acid and 500mg Folic acid.

 ** Mineral mixture: each 1.5 kg contains: 100000mg  manganese; 25000mg iron; 60000mg zinc; 5000mg copper; 500mg iodine; 100mg cobalt and 200mg selenium.

*** Calculated according to NRC (1994).

**** Determined according to the methods of AOAC (1990)

 

and heart), carcass and dressed weights (dressed weight = carcass weight plus giblets weight) /100 g pre-slaughter weight.

Blood samples were collected individually at slaughtering from 3 birds representing each group. Blood plasma was obtained by centrifuge the blood samples soon after collection at 300 rpm for 15 minutes and stored in deep freezer at -20°C for subsequent analysis.

Plasma total protein and albumin were determined calorimetrically according to Reinhold (1953) and Henry et al., (1974). Plasma calcium and phosphorus were determined calorimetrically using available commercial kits produced by Bio-Meraux, France.

After slaughtering the left tibia was removed from the same birds for measurement of bone minerals (calcium and phosphorus) and ash contents. Left tibias were cleaned of all soft tissues, then tibias samples were oven- dried at 105^O C for 24 hr and ashes in a muffle furnace at 600 ^O C for 3 hr. Bone ash content was weighed and prepared for minerals determination according to AOAC (1990). Calcium and phosphorus content of tibia bones were determined by using chemical Kits, the same as above.

The data were statistically analyzed as 2x3x2 factorial analysis according to Snedecor and Cochran (1982) using the following model: -         Y_ijlk = µ + C_i + P_j +D_l+ CPD_ijl + e_ijlk

Where: Y_ijlk = An observation, µ = Overall mean, C_i = Effect of calcium level (i = 1 and 2), P_j = Effect of microbial phytase level (j = 1, 2 and 3), Dl= Effect of vitamin D₃ level (l = 1 and 2), CPD_ijl = Interaction between calcium level, microbial phytase level and vitamin D₃ level (ijl= 1 to 12) and e_ijlk = Random error. Differences among means within the same factor were tested using Duncan’s New Multiple Range test (Duncan, 1955).

 

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Productive Performance:

Calcium level effect:

        Calcium level had no significant effect on body weight, egg production, egg number, egg weight and egg mass of Japanese quail layers during all experimental periods (Table 2). Whereas, the feed intake during all the experimental periods was significantly (P<0.05) lower for hens fed the diet containing 2.5% calcium compared to those received 2% calcium. Also, feed conversion was significantly (P<0.05) decreased with increasing calcium level from 2.0% to 2.5% during 11–16 and 6-16 weeks of age.

Results concerning calcium effect on productive performance are in agreement with those obtained by Sultana et al., (2007) with Japanese quail layers, they found  no significant differences in egg weight, while significant influence (P<0.05) was noted due to variation of dietary calcium level (2.5, 2.75 and 3% Ca). Shrivasta et al. (1989) observed an improvement in egg production with feeding graded levels of dietary calcium (2, 2.4, 2.8 and 3.2%) to laying hens. On the contrary, Tsang et al., (1988) reported no differences in Japanese quail feed intake due to varying dietary calcium and phosphorus concentrations. Mukund et al.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(2006) found an improvement in feed conversion efficiency with the increase in calcium level up to 3%.

Microbial phytase supplementation effect:

Results in Table 2 showed that microbial phytase supplementation (500 and 1000 FTU/Kg) significantly (P<0.05 or P<0.01) improved all productive performance traits of Japanese quail layers studied during all the experimental periods except for feed conversion, egg production, egg number and egg weight during 6-11 weeks of age. However, the supplementation of microbial phytase at 1000 FTU/Kg feed showed almost better productive performance results (body weight, feed intake, feed conversion, egg production and egg number) compared with those of 500 FTU/Kg diet. These results coincide with those of Musapour et al. (2005), who found that addition of 1000 FTU phytase/Kg to the diet significantly increased feed intake and feed conversion of laying hens. The inclusion of phytase to the diets possibly increased feed intake due to liberating the phytate phosphorus. Also, Gordon and Roland 1998, found beneficial effects of phytase supplementation on feed intake, egg production and egg weights of laying hens. However, Um and Paik (1999) stated that laying hens performance, daily egg mass production, individual egg weight, feed intake and feed conversion values were not significantly influenced by supplementation of microbial phytase.

Vit. D₃ level effect:

Data in Table 2 showed that Vit. D₃ level had no significant effect on all productive performance traits studied of Japanese quail layers during all the experimental periods except for egg production and egg number at 11-16 weeks of age. Layers fed 1000 ICU Vit. D₃/Kg showed significant improvement in egg production (P<0.01) and egg number (P<0.05) during 11-16 weeks of age compared with those fed 2000 ICU Vit. D₃ / Kg diet. In this concern, Abd El-Fattah et al. (2007)  found that feed conversion ratio (g feed/ g gain) of Japanese quail layers was improved linearly with increasing cholecalciferol level, while feed intake and egg weight values were not significantly affected by cholecalciferol level. Tsang et al. (1988) and Harms et al. (1988) reported that low dietary level of cholecalciferol had no effect on egg weight of laying hens.

Interaction effects:

            All productive performance traits studied except egg weight during 6-11 weeks of age were significantly (P<0.05 or P<0.01) influenced by the interaction between calcium, phytase and Vit. D₃ levels during all the experimental period (Table 3). When taking egg  production, and feed conversion into consideration, the level of 2% calcium with 1000 FTU/Kg

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

microbial phytase and 1000 ICU Vit. D₃/Kg diet showed the best results during all the experimental periods.

Reproductive Performance

Calcium level effect:

Results in Table 4 showed that fertile eggs %, hatchability / total eggs % and hatchability / fertile egg % were not significantly affected by dietary calcium. Our results agreed with those obtained by Cherry et al. (1984) and Hasb El-Naby (1989) who reported that calcium level had no affect on fertility percentage. While, Attia (1993) observed that hatchability of fertile eggs was higher for hens fed 3.4 % calcium than for those fed 2.8 or 4 %.

Microbial phytase supplementation effect:

It is clear that hatchability/ total eggs % and hatchability/ fertile eggs % were significantly (P<0.01) improved by increasing phytase level Table 4. Supplementation of microbial phytase at 1000 FTU / Kg diet showed best hatchability results compared with those of 500 FTU/Kg diet. However, phytase supplementation had no significant effect on fertile eggs percentage.

Vit. D₃ level effect:

Data presented in Table 4 cleared that fertile and hatchability were not significantly affected by Vit. D₃ levels. Similar results were obtained by Abd El-Fattah et al. (2007) who found that addition of cholocalciferol had no effect on fertile percentages.

Interaction effects:

            Results in Table 4 showed that significant effect (P<0.05) on hatchability/ total eggs and hatchability/ fertile eggs and insignificant effect on fertile eggs due to the interaction between calcium, microbial phytase supplementation and vit, D₃ levels. These results agreed with those of Kout El-Kloub and Abd El-Mageed (2006) who reported that Japanese quail layers fed diet contained 3% Ca with 1100 or 2200 ICU Vit. D₃ showed significant increase in hatchability percentage.

Egg quality and egg components:

Calcium level effect:

Results in Table 5 indicated that all egg quality traits and egg components studied were not significantly affected by calcium level in Japanese quail layers diets. The present results agreed with those of Sultana et al. (2007) who found no significant differences in shell weight due to variation of calcium level in Japanese quail layers diet.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Microbial phytase supplementation effect:

         Results obtained that egg specific gravity, egg shape index, yolk index and egg components were not significantly affected by microbial phytase supplementation in Japanese quail layer diets (Table 5). Whereas, yolk index decreased significantly (P<0.05) with diets supplemented with 500 FTU/Kg diet and insignificantly with supplemented with 1000 FTU/Kg diet when compared with microbial phytase unsupplemented ones. Yossef et al. (2001) reported that the internal egg quality traits in laying hens were not significantly affected by phytase supplementation.

Vit. D₃ level effect:

          It is clear from data in Table 5 that egg specific gravity, egg shape index, yolk index and albumen were not significantly affected by Vit. D₃ level in Japanese quail layer diets. While, egg yolk % was increased significantly (P<0.05) in hens fed diets containing 1000 ICU Vit. D₃, on the other hand shell % was increased significantly (P<0.05) in hens fed diets containing 2000 ICU Vit. D₃ / Kg. Abd El-Fattah et al. (2007) showed that egg quality in laying quail was not significantly affected by dietary cholocalciferol level.

Interaction effects:

        The interaction effects between calcium, microbial phytase and Vit. D₃ levels were not significant for egg specific gravity, egg shape index, albumin % and shell % (Table 5). While, yolk index and yolk % were significantly (P<0.05) affected by the interaction. The highest yolk index was recorded for eggs from hens fed diets containing 2% calcium with 1000 FTU/Kg microbial phytase and 1000 ICU Vit. D₃ /Kg diet. While, the highest yolk % was recorded for eggs from hens fed diets with 2.5 % calcium, 1000 FTU/Kg microbial phytase and 2000 ICU Vit. D₃ /Kg diet.  Kout El-Kloub and Abd El-Mageed (2006) found that egg shape index and shell weight % were significantly increased in laying hens fed diet containing 3% calcium with 2200 ICU Vit. D₃/Kg diet.

Carcass traits

Calcium level effect:

Results in Table 6 indicated that calcium level had no significant effect on plucked, giblets, liver, gizzard and heart percentages (g / 100g pre-slaughter weight). Whereas, values of carcass and dressing weights/100g pre-slaughter weight were significantly (P<0.01) higher for Japanese quail layers fed 2.5% calcium compared with those of layers fed 2% dietary calcium.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Microbial phytase supplementation effect:

All carcass traits studied were not significantly affected by microbial phytase addition to Japanese quail layer diets (Table 6). Similar results were reported by Rezaei et al. (2007) and Ahmad et al. (2004).

Vit. D₃ level effect:

Plucked, carcass, giblets, liver, heart and dressing weights/100g pr-slaughter weight were not significantly affected by Vit. D₃ levels (Table 6). However, there was a significant (P<0.05) increase in gizzard weight with 2000 ICU Vit. D₃/Kg diet compared with 1000 ICU Vit. D₃ / Kg diet.

Interaction effects:

Interaction between calcium level, microbial phytase supplementation and Vit. D₃ level had no significant effect on carcass, giblets, liver and heart percentages (Table 6). However, there was a significant effect (P<0.05) on plucked, gizzard and dressing weights/ 100g pre-slaughter weight due to the interaction between calcium, phytase and Vit. D₃ levels. Contradicting results were obtained by Kout El-Kloub and Abd El-Mageed (2006) who found no significant differences in gizzard % due to the interaction between Ca and Vit. D₃  levels.

Blood constituents  

Results in Table 7 did not show any significant effect on blood constituents studied (calcium, phosphorus, total protein and albumin) due to dietary calcium, microbial phytase and Vit. D₃ levels and their interaction. Rama Rao et al., (2006) reported that of adding phytase to broiler chick diets had no significant effect on the average values of plasma phosphorus and calcium. On the contrary, Sebastian et al., (1996) found that addition of phytase to broilers diets increased plasma phosphorus concentration. Also, El-Deeb et al., (2000) showed that dietary calcium levels had significant effect on serum Ca and P concentrations of broilers.

Bone characteristics:

Calcium level effect:

Data indicated that there were no significant differences in the average percentages of calcium, phosphorus and ash due to feeding Japanese quail layers on diets containing different levels of calcium (Table 7). These results indicated that there was no symptoms of Ca- deficiency i.e. no leg weakness and no visual signs Ca-deficiency were observed.

Microbial phytase supplementation effect:

Data presented in Table 7 showed an insignificant increase in bone calcium (%)  and  increased  significant (P<0.05) in bone phosphorus (%) in

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Japanese quail layers fed diets supplemented with microbial phytase compared  with  un-supplemented  ones.  Bone  ash (%)  was  increased insignificantly due to phytase supplementation. Contradicting results were obtained by Kashavarz (2000) who found that Tibia calcium and phosphorus were not significantly influenced by phytase addition up to 1075 FTU/Kg diet of broiler chick diets. This indicate that phytase had a strong effect on phosphorus hydrolysis from phytate molecule than calcium, so make it available for bird's utilization and deposit.

Vit. D3 level effect:

         The main effect of Vit. D₃ levels on bone calcium, phosphorus and ash is presented in Table 7. Data showed that bone ash % and bone calcium % was increased significantly (P<0.05) in Japanese quail layers fed diets supplemented with 2000 ICU Vit. D₃/Kg diet compared with results of layers fed diets had 1000 ICU Vit. D₃/Kg. In this concern, Kashavarz (1996) found that Tibia bone ash content was similar in old laying hens fed diets contained 2500 or 2000 ICU Vit. D₃/Kg over a 12-weeks period. Also, El-Afifi and Abu-Taleb (2002) stated that increasing dietary level of cholicalciferol had no effect on Tibia content of ash or calcium in old laying Japanese quail.

Interaction effects:

The interaction effects between calcium, microbial phytase and Vit. D₃ levels on ash % and calcium % were not significant, while phosphorus was significantly (P<0.05)affected by the interaction (Table 7).

Economic Efficiency:

Calcium level effect:

Data obtained that feeding Japanese quail layers on diet contained 2.5 % calcium gave the best economic efficiency and decreased the feed cost required to produce eggs number compared to those fed on 2%  dietary calcium (Table 8).

Microbial phytase level effect:

The best economic efficiency and lowest feed cost required to produce of eggs number were obtained by phytase supplementation at 1000 FTU/Kg of laying diets as shown in Table 8.

Vit. D₃ level effect:

            It is clear from data in Table 8 that diet contained 1000 ICU Vit. D₃/Kg diet gave the best economic efficiency and decreased the feed cost required to produce eggs number compared to those fed on 2000 ICU/ Kg diet.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Interaction effects:

Regarding the interaction effect, results in Table 8 demonstrated that  the best economical efficiency value during  the whole experimental period was obtained by layers fed diets containing 2 % calcium with 1000 FTU/Kg supplemented phytase and 1000 ICU Vit. D₃ / Kg diet. This may be due to the good performance of this treatment.

In conclusion, from the nutritional and economical point of view. it could be concluded that, 2.5 % calcium level in diet was adequate for laying Japanese quail from 6-16 weeks of age. Microbial phytase supplementation of 1000 is better than 500 FTU/ Kg diet. Vit. D₃ level of 1000 is better than 2000 ICU/ Kg diet. Also, the interaction effect between of 2 % calcium with 1000 FTU/Kg phytase and 1000 Vit. D₃/ Kg diet would be suitable for laying Japanese quail from 6-16 weeks of age, under Egyptian local condition.

 

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تأثیر الکالسیوم والفیتیز وفیتامین د₃ على  أداء السمان الیابانی  البیاض

 

إبراهیم إبراهیم حسن ,محمد صلاح شعیب ,ممتاز أحمد شحاتة,سحر حامد عثمان

معهد بحوث الإنتاج الحیوانی- مرکز البحوث الزراعیة- الدقی – الجیزة – مصر.

 

         أجریت هذه  الدراسة  على عدد 216 أنثی سمان یابانی بیاض و 108 ذکر عند عمر 6 أسابیع قسمت عشوائیا إلی 12 مجموعة (کل مجموعة 18 أنثی و 9 ذکر) وقسمت کل مجموعة إلی 3 مکررات (6 أنثى و 3 ذکر لکل مکررة). وکانت الطیور فی المعاملات متساویة تقریبا فی الوزن وإنتاج البیض الیومی . صممت تجربة عاملیه 2 ×3×2 تضمنت مستویین من الکالسیوم  ( 2, 2.5 %) وثلاث مستویات من الفیتیز ( صفر , 500 , 1000 FTU /کجم علف ) ومستویین من فیتامین د3 (1000 ,2000 ICU /کجم علف ). وتم دراسة الأداء الإنتاجی والتناسلی وجودة البیض وبعض مکونات الدم والعظام وصفات الذبیحة.

ویمکن تلخیص أهم النتائج المتحصل علیها فی الآتی :-

1)   مستوی الکالسیوم لم یکن له تأثیر معنوی علی الصفات الإنتاجیة والتناسلیة طول فترة التجربة بینما انخفض العلف المستهلک معنویا ((P<0.05 للسمان المغذی علی 2.5% بالمقارنة مع 2% کالسیوم طول فترة التجربة. وکذلک معدل التحویل الغذائی انخفض معنویا (P<0.05) عند زیادة مستوی الکالسیوم من 2% إلی 2.5% فی الفترة من 11 – 16 وکذلک من 6 – 16 أسبوع من العمر.

2)    النسبة المئویة لوزن الذبیحة وکذلک الأجزاء المأکولة من الذبیحة تحسنت معنویا (P<0.01) للسمان المغذی علی 2.5 % بالمقارنة مع المغذاة علی 2% کالسیوم.

3)   إضافة الفیتیز المیکروبی عند مستوی 500 & 1000 FTU /کجم علف حسن معنویا (P<0.05 or P<0.01) کل الصفات الإنتاجیة طول فترة التجربة ماعدا معامل التحویل الغذائی وعدد ووزن البیض خلال الفترة 6 – 11 أسبوع من العمر.

4)      أدی زیادة مستوی إضافة الفیتیز المیکروبی إلی تحسن معنوی (P<0.01)  للنسبة المئویة للفقس منسوبة إلی البیض الکلی أو البیض المخصب.

5)    أدت إضافة 1000 ICU من فیتامین د₃ /کجم علف إلی تحسن معنوی (P<0.05 or P<0.01) فی نسبة البیض المنتج وعدد البیض فی الفترة من 11 – 16 أسبوع من العمر بالمقارنة مع التی غذیت علی 2000 ICU من فیتامین د₃ /کجم علف. 

6)   تحسنت النسبة المئویة لصفار البیض معنویا (P<0.05) للسمان المغذی علی 1000 ICU من فیتامین د₃ /کجم علف وکذلک تحسنت النسبة المئویة لقشرة البیضة معنویا (P<0.05) للسمان المغذی علی 2000 ICU من فیتامین د₃ /کجم علف. 

7)   وزن القونصة زاد معنویا (P<0.05) للسمان المغذی علی 2000 ICU من فیتامین د₃ /کجم علف بالمقارنة مع 1000 ICU من فیتامین د₃ /کجم علف.

8)    کذلک تحسنت معنویا (P<0.05) النسبة المئویة لرماد العظام وکذلک النسبة المئویة للکالسیوم فی العظام للسمان المغذی علی 2000 ICU من فیتامین د₃ /کجم علف بالمقارنة مع 1000 ICU من فیتامین د₃ /کجم علف.

9)    التداخل بین الکالسیوم والفیتیز وفیتامین د₃ أثر معنویا (P<0.05 or P<0.01) علی کل الصفات الإنتاجیة طول فترة التجربة ماعدا وزن البیض فی الفترة من 6 – 11 أسبوع من العمر. کذلک أثر التداخل معنویا (P<0.05 or P<0.01) علی دلیل الصفار والنسبة المئویة للصفار ونسبة الفقس منسوبة للبیض الکلی أو للبیض المخصب.

10)  کذلک التداخل بین الکالسیوم والفیتیز وفیتامین د₃ أثر معنویا (P<0.05 or P<0.01) علی النسبة المئویة للقونصة و Plucked والأجزاء المأکولة من الذبیحة.

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