EFFECT OF DIETARY OF VEGETABLE SOURCES AND FEED ADDITIVES ON SOME PRODUCTIVE, REPRODUCTIVE AND NUTRIENTS UTILIZATION OF MANDARAH HENS DURING THE LATE STAGE OF EGG PRODUCTION CYCLE.

M.M. Shehata and A. E. El - Abd

Animal Production Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Min. Agric.

ABSTRACT

            A total number of 240 hens of Mandarah local strain aging 58 weeks of age was used in a factorial design  (3 source of vegetable oil groups x 4 feed additives) up to 70 weeks of age. Hens were divided randomly into three treatment groups. The 1^st group was fed basal diet, 2^nd group was fed the basal diet containing 3% corn oil, 3^rd group was fed the basal diet containing 3% sunflower oil. Each treatment group was divided randomly into four subgroups. The 1^st subgroup was fed basal diet without any supplementation t, 2^nd group was supplemented with vitamin C at 100 mg/kg diet, 3^rd subgroup was supplemented with kemzyme preparation at a rate of 0.05% of the diet, and the 4^th subgroup was supplemented with both of vitamin C (100 mg/kg diet) and kemzyme preparation at level 0.05% of the diet.

            The results indicated that feeding laying hens on vegetable oil sources (corn or sunflower oil at 3% diet) produced the best value of egg number, egg production, egg weight, egg mass, feed conversion and hell thickness as compared to those fed control diet.

However, chicks weight at hatching, values of serum cholesterol and yolk cholesterol were significantly (P<0.05) effect due to corn oil treatment as compared to other treatment.     The vegetable oil sources had a beneficial effect on the digestion coefficient values of DM, CP and EE% and also improved the retained amount of calcium and phosphorus content as compared to the control diet.

On the other hand, hens fed diets supplemented with kemzyme only gave the best values of egg number, egg production and feed conversion. Hens fed diet supplemented with vitamin C resulted in the best value of egg weight and egg mass, while the lowest value of feed intake was recorded by hens fed diet supplemented with the combination of vitamin C and kemzyme preparation. The addition of vitamin C and mixture of vitamin C and kemzyme preparation gave the best values of egg shell quality, in almost coefficients of digestibility, calcium and phosphorus retention, fertility and hatchability and also the chick weight at hatching, while it was lower both of serum cholesterol and yolk cholesterol and also increase serum calcium and phosphorus content when compared to the other treatments.

                       Interaction results indicated no significant for previous traits, except for feed intake, feed conversion and the values of serum cholesterol, yolk cholesterol and total lipid, which were significant (P<0.05) affected.      

          Economic evaluation indicated that the use of oil (sunflower oil following corn oil) in supplementing layer diets improved NR and EE% as compared to the non supplemented diet, while  kemzyme preparation recorded the highest value of NR and EE% follow by the mixture of vitamin C with kemzyme preparation as compared to the other treatments.

Keywords: Vegetable oil sources, corn oil, sunflower oil, vitamin C, kemzyme preparation, performance of laying hens.

INTRODUCTION

            The later stage of egg production cycle in a local chicken breeder is one of the kinds of stress (i.e., transport electric shocks, fasting, low or high ambient temperature) is known to have a negative effect on production and reproductive performance of layer chick, especially it is simultaneous with summer season usually, which can cause severe economic damage in the inferior egg shell quality and egg production characteristics of local layers. Egg characteristics and quality traits affected by late stage of egg production of the hen (Nagarajun et al., 1991;               El-Wardany et al., 1994 and Szczerbinska, 1998).

            Vegetable oils have been used to improve physical characteristics and to increase the caloric density of poultry rations. Dietary vegetable oil caused to improve efficiency of fed utilization by laying hens (Reid and Weber, 1975 ; Sell et al., 1979 and Matoes and Sell, 1980). Jensen et al. (1958) and Younis (1981) stated that egg weight and egg production in hens could be improved by the addition of corn oil to practical diets. Also, Amer (1977) showed that vegetable oils (soybean and sunflower oils) were significantly better in improving the average of egg weight than animal fats. Egg size is one aspect of production where considerable uncertainly has existed over linoleic acid requirements. This followed observations that addition of 3-5% of maize oil to practical diets could markedly increase egg size in hens (Jensen et al., 1958 and Shutzye and Jensen, 1963). The responses have been greatest when essential-depleted hens have been studied (Menge et al., 1963) and have therefore been attributed to the linoleic acid content of the oils. As a result it widely held that laying hen had two requirements for linoleic acid 0.9% for physiological function and a deficient birds would have a high essential fatty acids requirement, initially at least in order to reverse the effect of the deficiency and build up reserves.

However, possess an innate ability to synthesize vitamin C, so it is not a common practice to add ascorbic acid to poultry diets. Certain environmental, nutritional as well as pathological condition may increase ability (Perdue and Haxtun, 1986). It is a very powerful reducing agent that occurs naturally in living tissues and may function as an antioxidant for Vitamins A and E (Mohamed, 1998).

            Body energy stores was affected by supplemental vitamin C which used for energy purposes during periods of reduced energy intake (Mckee et al., 1997). Vitamin C, also had a beneficial effect during egg incubation and after health an embryonic development (Zakria and Al-Latif, 1998).

            The use of enzymes in the birds diet has been successful in reducing the viscosity of digest and has led to an improvement in feed conversion efficiency (Bedford, 1997). El-Deek et al. (2003) reported that the addition of multi-enzyme mixture to 60% barley caused to improve egg number and egg mass in broiler hens. Moreover, addition of enzyme preparation to diets containing extruded full-fat soybeans produced an improvement of 2.2% reduction in the feed conversion ratio (Zanella et al., 1999).

The present study aimed to study the effect of using some vegetable oils sources (Corn oil and sunflower oil) and ascorbic acid, enzymes preparation as feed additives in layer diet on egg production characteristics, nutrients digestibility of Mandarah hens during the late stage of egg production cycle.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

            The current experimental work was conducted at Sakha Research Station Kafr El-Sheikh, Animal Production Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center. The experimental period lasted for 20 weeks starting from June 2002.

A total number of 240 hens of Mandarah local strain, ageing 58 weeks of age was designed in a factorial trail (3 source of vegetable oil groups x 4 feed additives) up to 70 weeks of age. Hens housed in individual cages and were divided randomly into three treatment groups. The 1^st group was fed basal diet, 2^nd group was fed the basal diet containing 3% corn oil, 3^rd group was fed the basal diet containing 3% sunflower oil. Each treatment group was divided randomly into four subgroups. The 1^st subgroup was fed basal diet without any supplementation diet, 2^nd was supplemented with vitamin C (100 mg / kg diet), 3^rd subgroup was supplemented with kemzyme preparation (0.05%) of the diet, and the 4^th subgroup was supplemented with both of vitamin C (100 mg / kg diet) and enzymes preparation (0.05%) of the diet.

The ingredients and composition of the basal diet were used according to NRC (1994) as shown in Table 1. The chemical analysis of the basal diet was analyzed according to A.O.A.C. (1994). Two sources of oils diets (corn oil and sunflower oil) were replaced by 3% of the basal diet. Fatty acids composition of both of experimental oils and experimental diet are shown in Table 2. Vitamin C (commercially named vitamin C 20%, where each 100 gm contains 20 gm pure ascorbic acid) was used. The enzymes preparation (kemzyme) contained alpha-anylase (0.69%), beta-glucose (0.65%), protease (37.0%), lipase (0.43%), cellulose (0.42%) and bentonite (1.7%). The vitamin C manufacture by the Memphis chemical Co. Cairo, A.R.E., while enzyme preparation manufacture by Kemin (European. N. V. Herentals) Belgium.

Table (1): Composition and chemical analysis of the experimental diet.

* Vitamin and mineral premix was added 3 kg/ton of diet and supply 1 kg of diet with: A 1000 IU, D₃ 1000 IU, E10 mg, K 31 mg, B₂ 4 mg, B₆ 1.5 mg, Pantothenic acid 10 mg, B₁₂ 0.01 mg, Folic acid 1 mg, Niacin 20 mg, Biotin 0.05 mg, Choline chloride 500 mg, Zn 45 mg, Cu 3 mg, Fe 30 mg, I 0.3 mg, Se 0.1 mg, Mn 40 mg and Ethoxyquin 3000 mg.

** Calculated according to NRC (1994).

Artificial light was used beside the normal day light to provide 16-hour day photoperiod. Hens were offered feed and water ad libitum. Performance traits of laying hens were based on a 4 weeks interval through the experimental period, which lasted for 12 consecutive weeks from 58 to 70 weeks of age. Egg production traits including egg percentage, egg weight (g), egg number and egg mass (g/d) were recorded and calculated daily. Feed intake (g/ hen /d) and feed conversion (feed/egg) were calculated for each 4 weeks. Egg quality measurements including egg yolk and shell weights (g) and shell thickness (mm) were recorded during the last period of study (58-70 weeks). Eggs produced from the beginning of the 58^th weeks up to the end of the experiment were incubated to determine the fertility and hatchability percentages and chick weight at hatch.

At the end of the experiment, 4 males of each group were individually kept in metabolic cages to determine the digestibility coefficient of nutrients in digestibility trails. Apparent absorption of calcium was calculated as the difference between calcium intake and calcium in excreta expressed as a percentage of calcium intake during the collection period. Calcium was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The proximate analysis of diets and excreta was done according to A.O.A.C. (1994).

            Economical efficiency of egg production was calculated from the input-output analysis, which was calculated according to the price of the experimental diets and egg produced. The values of economical efficiency were calculated as the net revenue per unit of total cost. Data were analyzed by factorial analysis (3 x 4) using SAS (1994). Means having a significant Duncan’s (Duncan, 1955). The statistical model of factorial trail  was designed as the following:

X_ijk = m + T_i + F_j + (TF)_ij + E_ijk

Where:

X_ijk = Any observation,m = Overall mean, T_i = Treatment groups (1=1, 5 and 9)., F_j = Interaction between treatment groups and feed additives (ij=1,… 12), E_ijk= Experimental error.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Fatty acids composition of both of experimental oil and diets:

            Results in Table (2) show that chemical analysis of fatty acids, corn oil contained the higher TSFAS (66.16%) and the lower TUSFAS (33.84%) while, sunflower oil contained the lower TSFAS (64.16%) and the higher TUSFAS (35.84%) as a percentage of the total and TUSFAS of experimental diets due to oil supplementation when compared to the control diet. Regarding the USFAS, corn oil had the higher percentage of PUSFAS (LA and LNA) followed sunflower oil. It contained (93.62%) as the total whereas sunflower oil contained (13.56%).

            The increase in TUSFAS in the experimental diets was found to be mainly due to the increase in TPUSFAS (LA and LNA). Diets containing corn and sunflower oils gave the highest values as compared to control diet.

Nutrients utilization:

            Results in Table (3) revealed that the vegetable oil sources had similar effects with insignificant differences in digestibility of nutrient values. However, corn oil, followed by sunflower oil diets had a beneficial effect on some the digestion coefficient values (DM, CP and EE%) and also improved the retained amount of calcium and phosphorus as compared to the control diets. The results of the study reported herein are supported by El-Husseiny et al. (2002) who mentioned that corn oil improved the digestion coefficient values of almost all the nutrients and calcium and phosphorus retention. Hakansson (1975) found a lower digestibility of either extract with added high levels of fat or oil to chicken diets. The results obtained by Katongole and March (1980) showed that increasing the substitution level of lipids in laying hen diets improved calcium retention.

Table (2): Fatty acid composition of both of experimental oil and diets.

LUA: Lauric acid, MA: Myristic acid, PA; Polmitic acid, SA: Stearic acid, OA: Oleic acid, LA: Loinoleic acid, LNA: Linolenic acid, AA: Arachidic acid, TVFAs: Total saturated fatty acid, TUSFAs: Total unsaturated fatty acid, MUSFAs/TUSFAs: Relative monounsaturated fatty acids to total unsaturated fatty acids, PUSFAs/TUSFAs: Relative polyunsaturated fatty acid to total unsaturated fatty acids, TUSFAs : TSFAs: Ratio between total unsaturated fatty acids and total saturated fatty acids.

Addition laying hen diets with vitamin C, kemzyme or a mixture of both improved values of digestion coefficients (P<0.05) for the almost all nutrients and also calcium and phosphorus retention when compared to the control diet. The same results were obtained by the findings of Soliman (2003) who reported that supplementing the diet with vitamin C enzyme mixture or both of them improved the digestion coefficient of DM, OM and also the retained calcium. In this regard Van der Klis et al. (1995) and Marsman et al. (1997) reported that enzyme treatment improved the dry matter digestibility and enhanced the apparent absorption of calcium. The first

Table (4): Effect of dietary vegetable oils and some feed additives and their interaction between them on laying hen performance and feed utilization.

a, b, c…..e: Means in the same column with different litters are significantly different (P<0.05).

related the improvement in nutrient utilization to decreasing the chime viscosity, while the second indicated that increasing chime viscosity did not affect apparent ideal nutrient digestibility.

            The Interaction effects between dietary vegetable oils and treatments supplementation were not significant on all digestibility coefficients as shown in Table (3).

Laying hen performance:

            Results in Table 4 showed that a significant (P<0.05) increase in egg production (EPR) and egg number (EN) due to feeding laying hen on the diet containing corn (CO) and sunflower oils (SFO). This may be due to the fatty acids profile of these sources as shown in Table (2), especially with the use of isocaloric-isonitrogenous diets which almost provided the layers with the sufficient requirements from the essential FAS. These findings agree with the results reported by Attia et al. (2001) who indicated that corn oil treatment showed the better relative increase in EN when compared with the other dietary treatments. On the other hand, El-Gendi et al. (1993) indicated that ration of 8% CO showed the highest average of EPR for both Dokki and Matrouh layers due to high content of CO from linoleic acid (LA). In contrast, disagreement with that found by El-Husseiny et al. (2002).

On the other hand, the differences in egg weight (EW) and egg mass (EM) values were not significant due to vegetable oil sources. However, corn oil recorded the highest value when compared to other groups These results agreed with the results reported by El-Gendi et al. (1993) who showed that pullets fed on ration supplemented with plant oil increased EW and EM for Dokki 4 laying hens. However, Attia et al. (2001) showed that Co-diet revealed (1.92%) increase in EW and 19.61% increase in EM as compared to control diet. On the other hand, this result disagreed with those recorded by Chamruspollert and Sell (1999) and Grobas et al. (1999 a & b) who reported that egg weight was not improved by addition of either fat or oil to laying hen diets.

Regarding, El-Gendi et al. (1993) results obtained was reported to be due to a specific property of the oils rather than to its energy content. Whereas, Attia et al. (2001) reported that such effects has been attributed to the high linoleic acid (LA) content in CO and the relatively high content of both linolic acid (LA) and linolenic acid (LNA) in linseed oil (LSO) used in the diet.

However, the addition of kemzyme preparation at 0.05% of the diet gave the highest values of EPR and EN, during all the experimental periods (Table 4).. These results confirms those of Attia et al. (1997) and Igbasan and Guenter (1997) who reported insignificant increase in EPR and EN due to kemzyme supplementation. On the other hand, Hattaba et al. (1994) ; Abdel-Wahab (1998) ; Abd El-Ghany et al. (1997) and Soliman (2003) found that the increase in EPR and EN due to enzyme supplementation was insignificant.

Addition of vitamin C following kemzyme preparation resulted in the best EW and EM values when compared to the control diet (Table 4). These findings agree with that reported by El-Boushy et al. (1968) and Bell and Marion (1990) who have shown remarkable improvement on EW and EM, while, Rowland et al. (1973) showed an opposite trend of V.C. effect on commercial layers hens. Egg weight and egg mass were also increased due to addition of vitamin C in the diet (Soliman, 2003).

No significant differences were found due to the interaction between dietary vegetable oils and treatments supplementation on EPR, EW and EN values.

Feed utilization:

            Data presented in Table (4) show that there were significantly (P<0.05) effect due to vegetable oil sources. The amount of feed consumed increased significantly (P<0.05) as a result of vegetable oil added to diets. The average values of feed intake (FI) and feed conversion (FC) showed that the hens fed corn oil diet recorded the highest (P<0.05) values. The increase in FI may be due to enhanced palatability and physical characteristics of the experimental diets. Moreover, the best FC was found for hens fed diets containing corn oil or sunflower oil. The improvement in feed efficient with oils addition of layer diet in this study may be attributed to more feed consumption and large egg mass. These findings were in agreement with that found by Attia et al. (2001) ; Scragg et al. (1987) ; Grimes et al. (1996) and El-Hussieny et al. (2002). Nevertheless, disagree with the results reported by Vilchez et al. (1990);  El-Deek et al. (1988) ; Badawy (1997) ; Baucells et al. (2000).

In general, these results showed that the response of egg performance of laying hens to vegetable oils supplementation could be related to type of oil (Table 2), a specific property of the oil, rather than its energy content, the fatty acid profile, the use of isocaloric- isonitrogenous diets which almost provided the layers with the sufficient requirements from the essential FAs composition of dietary oil content and /or the diets are rich in FAs such as LA and OA. These were themselves highly absorbed and also increase the absorbability of other FAs and related to an increased lipoprotein synthesis by the liver (Vilchez et al., 1990 ; Shutze et al. 1959 and Shutze  & Jensen 1962 ; Marion and Edwards, 1964 ; and Young and Garrett, 1963).

            The average values of FI and FC were significantly (P<0.05) affected by supplemented diets. In general, hens given diet with vitamin C plus kemzyme preparation gave statistically the lowest value of FI as compared to other treatments. While, kemzyme preparation follow by vitamin C plus kemzyme preparation gave the best FC value and egg production when compared to the control diet. These results were supported by Sahata and Gillani (1995); Zin Ping Hung et al. (1998) ; Abou-Zied et al. (2000) and Soliman (2003) reported similar observations for the addition of vitamin C, enzyme mixture or both of them improved feed conversion and egg rate. On the other hand, these reported by Soliman (1997) who found that feed intake and feed conversion of layers were not affected significantly by multi-enzyme supplementation in laying diet.

There is significant (P<0.05) differences in feed intake and feed conversion due to the interaction effects. Hens fed diet containing corn oil with kemzyme or the combination of vitamin C plus kemzyme preparation compared to the other treatments.

Egg quality traits:

            Results in Table (5) show that egg quality traits did not show any significant difference due to vegetable oil sources, except for shell thickness (ST), which was significant (P<0.05). Duncan multiple range test revealed that vegetable oil sources gave statistically the lowest value of ST as compared to control diet. These findings were found to be in agreement with that found by Attia et al. (2001), they indicated that there is insignificant differences (P<0.05) between CO and linseed oil (LSO) treatments in shell thickness (ST). Also, El-Husseiny et al. (2002) indicated that there were no significant differences among dietary lipid sources (fats and oils) in ST. However, most of the egg quality parameters (yolk index or shell (%) and shell thickness) were significantly (P<0.05) affected by the treatments supplementation. The addition of vitamin C and mixture of vitamin C and kemzyme preparation gave the best values of egg shell quality. The improvement in shell weight and shell thickness due to vitamin C addition was supported by Cheng et al. (1990). Also, Zin Ping Hung et al. (1998) found that diets supplemented with AA at 250 mg/kg had the best egg shell strength, those with 500 mg/kg gave the best egg and egg shell quality.

Insignificant effect due to the interaction between vegetable oil sources and treatments supplementation were detected.

Fertility and hatchability:

Results of fertility and hatchability indicated that there were insignificant differences in groups fed the vegetable oil sources (Table 6). However, it could be seen that the best results in fertility and hatchability are obtained by corn oil or sunflower oil treatments, while the control diet showed the lowest values of the same traits. Chicks weight at hatching was significantly (P<0.05) effect due to corn oil treatment as compared to other treatments. Similar observation has been noticed by Vilchez et al. (1992) ; Huyghebacrt (1995) and Badawy et al. (1997) who reported that the best results in fertility, hatchability and chick weight at hatch were obtained in palm oil treatment.

            The present data in Table (6) showed that treatments supplementation has significant (P<0.05) effect of fertility %, while the percentage of hatchability were no significant influenced by the same treatments groups. However, the highest values were obtained for a mixture of vitamin C plus kemzyme preparation as compared to the control group. In addition, supplementing laying hen diets with vitamin C, kemzyme or a mixture of both had significantly (P<0.05) influence the chick weights at hatch as compared to the control treatment. The improvement in these trait due to vitamin supplementation. These results agrees with that reported by El-Fky (1998) who found beneficial effects of fertility for adding vitamin C while hatchability percent was decreased as compared to the control group. On the other hand, Madian (2002) who found ascorbic acid supplementation significant increased fertility percent. Abdel-Galil and Abdel-Samad (2003) indicated that supplementing vitamin C improved hatchability and fertility percentages for both Dokki4 and Bandara egg than control and also increased hatched-chick weight more than other groups. While, Attia et al. (1997) who  found  that  hatchability  percentage  of  total or fertile eggs was not

Table (5): Effect of dietary vegetable oils and some feed additives and their interaction between them on egg quality traits.

a, b, c…..e: Means in the same column with different litters are significantly different (P<0.05).

Table (6): Effect of dietary vegetable oils and some feed additives and their interaction between them on fertility hatchability and chicks weight of laying hens.

a, b, c…..e: Means in the same column with different litters are significantly different (P<0.05).

influenced by kemzyme additions. Brake (1992) who found no adverse effect for kemzyme addition on fertility of broiler breeder hens eggs.

Results obtained indicated that fertility and hatchability traits were not affected significantly by interaction effect.

Blood constituents:

Results Table (7) showed that the vegetable oil sources increased significantly (P<0.05) values of serum cholesterol or yolk cholesterol and there were insignificantly values of total serum lipids when compared to the control diet. In this regard, Kalanithi and Badri (1994) and Grashom (1994) reported that when laying hens were fed on diets supplemented with vegetable oil up to 8%, total serum lipids and cholesterol levels were elevated compared with control diet. On the contrary to the results of this study, Maurice and Jensen (1978) reported that there were no significant differences in total plasma lipids and cholesterol values among diets supplemented with 3.3 or 7% vegetable oil comparing to control diet (without supplementation oil).

Analysis of variance for serum calcium and phosphors content indicated that the difference among vegetable oil sources the experimental treatments were not significant. Similar trend was observed by El-Komey and Hamouda (1996).

On the other hand, the values of total cholesterol and lipid significantly decreased especially with vitamin C plus kemzyme preparation addition comparing with the control diet. The best value of serum calcium of laying hens in the present experiment showed almost a similar trend to the phosphorus content due to vitamin C plus kemzyme preparation supplemented. The reduction effect on serum cholesterol and total lipid has been reported by many workers (Takahashi and Jensen, 1985 ; Takahashi and Horignchi, 1991 and Hedaya and Korshom, 1993). These results of the aforementioned author are in harmony with the current results, which showed that plasma cholesterol and total lipid level decreased significantly (P<0.01) with increasing the level of vitamin C from 0.0 up to 300 mg/L. El-Deek et al. (2003) found that there was unexplained decreased in serum cholesterol of hens fed 0 and 60% barely containing diets when enzyme was added. Ghazalah et al. (1994) who found that most blood parameters were insignificantly different in chicks supplemented with kemzyme.

Results in Table (7) show that the lowest value of total cholesterol and lipids due to the interaction effect between the diet without vegetable oil source and those supplemented with vitamin C plus kemzyme preparation, while the highest value of calcium and phosphorus content obtained by the interaction effect between vegetable oil source and vitamin C plus kemzyme preparation diets.

Yolk cholesterol:

Data in Table (7) show that the diet containing sunflower oil recorded significantly higher value compared to the control diet. These results agree with obtained by Weiss et al. (1964) who reported that feeding of either sunflower oil or linseed oil at 3% of the diet to laying hens increased the yolk cholesterol, whereas

Table (7): Effect of dietary vegetable oils and some feed additives and their interaction between them on blood constituents and yolk cholesterol.

          a, b, c…..e: Means in the same column with different litters are significantly different (P<0.05).

soybean oil had no significant effect. El-Deek et al. (1988) indicated that diet containing 4% oil resulted in an increase in the amount of cholesterol compared to the other two dietary treatments.

            From Table (7) it is noticed that the addition of vitamin C plus kemzyme preparation decreased yolk cholesterol compared to hens fed the control diet without addition. These results can be explained by the results of Aidukonene and Kidguolene (1988) who found that supplementation of enzyme preparation to the broiler diets decreased concentrations of cholesterol in broiler blood serum. Also, Pettersson and Aman (1992) who found with oat bran diet, the enzyme supplementation decreased serum cholesterol concentrations.

            The interaction effect between diet without any vegetable oil with vitamin C plus kemzyme preparation gave the lowest value of yolk cholesterol compared to the other treatments (Table 7).

Economic evaluation:

            It was observed that the sunflower diet recorded the highest (best) NR (0.95 pt) and EE (5.38%) follow by, corn oil gave NR (0.82 pt) and EE (4.48%) when comparing to control diet (Table 8). Generally, it was found that, the use of oils in supplementing layer diets improved NR and EE% as compared to the non-supplemented diet (control diet).

On the other hand, kemzyme preparation recorded the highest (best) NR (1.47) and EE (7.79%) follow by the combination of vitamin C and kemzyme preparation gave NR (0.86 pt) and EE (4.94%) when compared to the other treatment supplementation.

            In conclusion, these results of this study indicated that feeding laying hens on diets containing sunflower oil only at 3% of the diet or corn oils supplements with kemzyme preparation improved the performance of laying hen and economical efficiency especially, at the late stage of egg production.

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a, b, c…..e: Means in the same column with different litters are significantly different (P<0.05).

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تأثیر بعض مصادر الزیوت والإضافات الغذائیة للعلیقة خلال الفترة المتأخرة لدورة إنتاج البیض على صفات الأداء الانتاجى ، الخصوبة والاستفادة الغذائیة لدجاج المندرة

ممتاز محمد احمد شحاتة – السید ایمن إبراهیم العبد

محطة بحوث سخا- معهد بحوث الإنتاج الحیوانی- مرکز البحوث الزراعیة- ج.م.ع.

استخدم عدد 240 دجاجة من سلالة المندرة عمر 58 أسبوع فی تصمیم عادى (3 مجامیع لمصادر الزیوت النباتیة مع 4 مجامیع للإضافات الغذائیة) ، غذیت المجموعة الأولى على علیقة أساسیة تحتوى على 15.76% بروتین خام و 2710 کیلو کالورى /کجم علیقة والمجموعة الثانیة غذیت على العلیقة الأساسیة المحتویة على 3% زیت ذرة ، والمجموعة الثالثة غذیت على 3% زیت عباد شمس ، کل مجموعة رئیسیة تم توزیعها الى 4 مجامیع فرعیة غذیت المجموعة الاولى منها على علیقة أساسیة بدون اى إضافة والمجموعة الثانیة مضاف الیها فیتامین C بمعدل 100 ملجم / کجم علیقة ، والمجموعة الثالثة مضاف الیها الکیمزیم بمعدل 0.05% من العلیقة بینما المجموعة الرابعة أضیف إلى علیقتها کلا من فیتامین C + الکیمزیم بنفس المعدلات السابقة معدل 0.05% من العلیقة.

أوضحت النتائج تأثیر مفید لمصادر الزیت النباتیة (زیت الذرة - زیت عباد الشمس) بتحسن معاملات هضم CP, DM وکذلک EE بالإضافة إلى کمیة الکالسیوم والفوسفور المحتجزة بالمقارنة بالعلیقة القیاسیة .

أشارت النتائج لتحسن قیم عدد البیض وإنتاج البیض وکتلة البیض والکفاءة التحویلیة وصفة سمک القشرة بالمقارنة بالتغذیة على العلیقة الأساسیة فقط علاوة على تحسن وزن الکتاکیت الناتجة عند الفقس ، وکذلک زادت نسبة کولستیرول سیرم الدم والصفار عند (0.05%) بالتغذیة على العلیقة المحتویة 3% زیت ذرة بالمقارنة بباقى المعاملات الأخرى.

من ناحیة أخرى أدت تغذیة الدجاج على علیقة مضاف إلیها الکیمزیم فقط لتحسن قیم عدد البیض وإنتاج البیض وکذلک الکفاءة التحویلیة ، فی حین أدت تغذیة الدجاج على علیقة مضاف إلیها فیتامین C  لتحسن قیم وزن البیض وکتلة البیض بینما انخفض معدل الاستهلاک الیومی للعلیقة بإضافة کل من فیتامین C والکیمزیم للعلیقة. أدى اضافة کلا من فیتامین C والکیمزیم لتحسن صفة جودة القشرة ومعظم قیم معاملات الهضم ونسبة الکالسیوم والفوسفور المحتجزة والخصوبة والفقس وکذلک وزن الکتاکیت الفاقسة بینما انخفض کلا من کولیسترول سیرم الدم والصفار وزاد محتوى سیرم الدم من الکالسیوم والفوسفور بالمقارنة بالمعاملات الأخرى.

لم یکن للتأثیر المتادخل اى معنویة على الصفات السابقة فیما عدا شفة الغذاء المأکول والکفاءة التحویلیة وقیم کولستیرول سیرم الدم والصفار واللیبیدات الکلیة التی أثرت علیها بشکل معنوی عند مستوى 0.05%.

تحسن العائد الاقتصادی باستخدام الزیوت النباتیة فى علائق (زیت عباد الشمس یلیه زیت الذرة) البیاض بالمقارنة بالعلیقة القیاسیة ، فی حین أدى إضافة مستخلص الکیمزیم لرفع قیمة العائد الاقتصادى یلیة مخلوط فیتامین C مع الکیمزیم لعلائق الدجاج البیاض مقارنة بالمعاملات الغذائیة الاخرى.

توصى هذه الدراسة على إضافة کلا من زیت عباد الشمس أو زیت الذرة وکذلک مستخلص الکیمزیم أو مخلوطة مع فیتامین C لعلائق الدجاج البیاض للحصول على أفضل أداء انتاجى خلال الفترة المتأخرة من دورة إنتاج البیض.