LISINOPRIL VERSUS AMLODIPINE IN HYPERTENSIVE PATIENTS SUBJECTED FOR ANESTHESIA | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Al-Azhar Medical Journal | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Article 10, Volume 47, Issue 3, July 2018, Page 561-572 PDF (307.99 K) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Document Type: Original Article | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
DOI: 10.12816/0052818 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Tawfik M. Tawfik Noor-Eldin1; Mohamed Samey Sharaf2; Abd El-Wahab Abd-Esattar Saleh1; Abd-Allah Mohamed Abd-Allah1; Mohamed Gameel Mohamed Yousef2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Damietta | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Abstract | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Background: Hypertension is regarded as an additional risk factor during anesthesia. Antihypertensive usage and its implications during perioperative period have unpredictable effects on hemodynamics. Objectives: To evaluate the effect of anesthesia (general) on hemodynamics in hypertensive patients chronically treated with amlodipine in comparison to patients on lisinopril. Patients and Methods: This study included sixty adults, of both sexes, aged between 40 and 60 years old, controlled hypertensive with amlodipine or lisinopril, randomly divided into four equal groups. Group AG: On amlodipine subjected for general anesthesia, Group AS: On amlodipine subjected for spinal anesthesia, Group LG: On lisinopril subjected for general anesthesia, Group LS: On lisinopril subjected for spinal anesthesia, scheduled for elective lower limb or lower abdominal surgeries. Monitoring of arterial blood pressure (SBP, DBP, MAP), HR, oxygen saturation were recorded as pre-operative basal reading , immediately after induction, every 5 minutes for 20 minutes, then every 15 minutes till the end of operation. Hypertension was considered when increase >20% from basal reading, and hypotension when decrease <20% from basal reading. Results: There were statistically significant differences as regard systolic, diastolic, mean arterial blood pressure between group AS and group LS with significant decrease in SBP, DBP, MAP more in group LS after spinal injection, also there were statistically significant differences as regard systolic, diastolic, mean arterial blood pressure between group AG and group LG with significant decrease in SBP, DBP, MAP more in group AG after induction of anesthesia. Also, there was astatistically significant difference as regard heart rate between AS and LS groups with significant decrease in HR more in group AS after spinal injection than LS group, Statistical significant difference was noticed in heart rate between AG and LG groups with significant decrease in HR more in group LS after induction of anesthesia. Conclusion: Amlodipine was better than lisinopril in its effect regarding hemodynamics in hypertensive patients subjected for anesthesia. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Keywords | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hypertension; amlodipine; lisinopril | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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LISINOPRIL VERSUS AMLODIPINE IN HYPERTENSIVE PATIENTS SUBJECTED FOR ANESTHESIA By
Tawfik M. Tawfik Noor-Eldin, Mohamed Samey Sharaf*, Abd El-Wahab Abd-Esattar Saleh, Abd-Allah Mohamed Abd-Allah and Mohamed Gameel Mohamed Yousef * Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, (Cairo and Damietta*) Corresponding author details: E-mail: Mohamed.gimi14@gmail.com ABSTRACT Background: Hypertension is regarded as an additional risk factor during anesthesia. Antihypertensive usage and its implications during perioperative period have unpredictable effects on hemodynamics. Objectives: To evaluate the effect of anesthesia (general) on hemodynamics in hypertensive patients chronically treated with amlodipine in comparison to patients on lisinopril. Patients and Methods: This study included sixty adults, of both sexes, aged between 40 and 60 years old, controlled hypertensive with amlodipine or lisinopril, randomly divided into four equal groups. Group AG: On amlodipine subjected for general anesthesia, Group AS: On amlodipine subjected for spinal anesthesia, Group LG: On lisinopril subjected for general anesthesia, Group LS: On lisinopril subjected for spinal anesthesia, scheduled for elective lower limb or lower abdominal surgeries. Monitoring of arterial blood pressure (SBP, DBP, MAP), HR, oxygen saturation were recorded as pre-operative basal reading , immediately after induction, every 5 minutes for 20 minutes, then every 15 minutes till the end of operation. Hypertension was considered when increase >20% from basal reading, and hypotension when decrease <20% from basal reading. Results: There were statistically significant differences as regard systolic, diastolic, mean arterial blood pressure between group AS and group LS with significant decrease in SBP, DBP, MAP more in group LS after spinal injection, also there were statistically significant differences as regard systolic, diastolic, mean arterial blood pressure between group AG and group LG with significant decrease in SBP, DBP, MAP more in group AG after induction of anesthesia. Also, there was astatistically significant difference as regard heart rate between AS and LS groups with significant decrease in HR more in group AS after spinal injection than LS group, Statistical significant difference was noticed in heart rate between AG and LG groups with significant decrease in HR more in group LS after induction of anesthesia. Conclusion: Amlodipine was better than lisinopril in its effect regarding hemodynamics in hypertensive patients subjected for anesthesia. Key words: Hypertension, amlodipine, lisinopril.
INTRODUCTION Hypertension is the most common disease seen in primary care, and it remains one of the most important preventable contributors to disease and death (James et al. 2014). Withdrawal of antihypertensive drugs could lead to withdrawal symptoms like rebound hypertension, tachyarrhythmia, nervousness, anxiety, and exaggeration of angina and occasionally myocardial infarction and sudden death (Karachalios et al., 2005). A hypertensive patient can undergo routine stressors like infection, trauma and surgery. During surgery, the manipulation of blood pressure (BP) is crucial for the conduct of the surgery as well as to prevent complications of surgery. Hypertension is regarded as an additional risk in anaesthesia (Prys -Roberts et al., 1991). There are different theories regarding the use of antihypertensive drugs, whether to continue the same anti-hypertensives prior to surgery or discontinue and starton different anti-hypertensives. One of the recommendation is that if the diastolic blood pressure (DBP) is ≤110mmHg and stable, surgery may proceed without delay provided the perioperative blood pressure is monitored closely, and hyper or hypotensive episodes are treated appropriately (Comfere et al., 2005). Another approach is if the DBP is >100mmHg, with or without antihypertensive therapy, surgery should be deferred until the blood pressure is under better control (Schirmer and Schurmann 2007).
AIM OF THE WORK The Primary outcome was evaluation of the effect of Lisinopril versus amlodipine on the hemodynamics of hypertensive patients undergoing lower abdominal or lower limb surgery under general or spinal anesthesia, and the secondary outcome was evaluation of changes in oxygen saturation in both groups. PATIENTS AND METHODS After obtaining approval of the Ethical committee of al-Azhar Faculty of Medicine and informed written consent from each patient, this prospective ,randomized, double-blind clinical study was conducted at Al-Azhar University (Damietta Hospital) on 60 patients, controlled hypertensive, of both sexes, aged 40-60 years, ASA ІІ, on single regular antihypertensive medications (for at least six months duration) either lisinopril or amlodipine, scheduled for elective lower abdominal or lower limb surgeries under general and spinal anesthesia expected not to exceed 2 hours. Duration of the study was from May 2017 to October 2018. Exclusion criteria: patients on combined theraby, presence of complications of hypertension (Target organ damage), associated severe systemic illness as severe hepatic, cardiac, renal and respiratory illness, discontinuation of antihypertensive drugs during the past 6 months till the time of the surgical operation, uncontrolled hypertension, pregnant subjected for cesarean section. Patients were randomly divided into four equal groups using computer generated and opaque sealed envelope method. Group AG: Hypertensive patients on amlodipine subjected for general anesthesia, Group LG: Hypertensive patients on lisinopril subjected for general anesthesia, Group AS: Hypertensive patients on amlodipine subjected for spinal anesthesia and Group LS: Hypertensive patients on lisinopril subjected for spinal anesthesia. General anesthesia was conducted by Fentanyl (2 mcg/kg/dose) – Propofol (2 mg/kg/dose) – rocuronium (0.6 mg/kg) for facilitation of endotracheal intubation through IV injection then maintained on Isoflurane (MAC of 1.2). Spinal anesthesia was conducted by intrathecal 15 mg hyperbaric bupivacaine 0.5% plus 25µg fentanyl with total volume of 3.5ml, spinal puncture was performed through a midline approach after skin infiltration with local anesthesia (3ml lidocaine 2%); at L4-L5 interspace level using 25G Quincke spinal needle. Monitoring of arterial blood pressure (systolic, diastolic, mean), heart rate and oxygen saturation was recorded as pre-operative basal reading , immediately after induction, every 5 minutes for 20 minutes, then every 15 minutes till the end of operation. Hypertension was considered when increase >20% from basal reading, and hypotension when decrease <20% from basal reading. Monitoring included continuous electrocardiogram, heart rate, SPO2 and noninvasive blood pressure, using (NIHON Kohen) Monitor. Statistical analysis: Data entry and statistical analyses were performed using SPSS (statistical package of social sciences) version 21 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Continuous normally distributed data were expressed in mean and standard deviation. The quantitative data were examined by Kolmogorov Smirnov test for normality of data. Independent sample t test (student t test) was used for continuous normally distributed data. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was used for multivariate continuous normally distributed data. Statistical significance was considered when probability (P) value was less than or equal to 0.05.
RESULTS
Age in studied populations ranged from 40 to 60 years, the mean age was 48.41 years, and there was non-significant difference between studied populations. In addition, 35 out of 60 patients (58.3%) were males and 25 (41.7%) were females and there was no significant difference between studied groups (male gender represented 60.0%, 53.3%, 66.7% and 53.3% of AS, AG, LS and LG groups respectively). As regard to type of surgery, it was lower limb surgery in 36 patients (60.0%), and abdominal surgery in 24 (40.0%), and there was statistically significant decrease of abdominal surgery in AS and LS groups (20.0% in each group) when compared to either AG (66.7%) or LG group (53.3%) (Table 1).
Table (1): Demographic data (Mean±SD)
#: Significant decreases in AG and LG groups when compared to AS or LS groups; *: significant difference
There were statistically significant differences in systolic blood pressure between AS and LS groups after spinal injection at 10m, 15m,35m, 50m, 65m, with more decrease in LS than AS group. Also, there were statistically significant difference between AG and LG groups after induction of general anesthesia were noticed especially at 10m, then after 35 and 50m with more decrease in LG than AG group (Table 2).
Table (2): Systolic blood pressure among studied populations at different points of time (Mean ± SD)
*: significant difference between AS and LS groups; #: significant difference between AG and LG groups; $: Significant variance between studied groups when < 0.05
There were statistically significant differences in diastolic blood pressure between AS and LS groups after spinal injection at 10m, 15m, 20m, 35m, 50m, with more decrease in LS than AS group. Also, there was statistically significant difference between AG and LG groups after induction of general anesthesia at 10m, with more decrease in LG than AG group (Table 3).
Table (3): Diastolic blood pressure among studied populations at different points of time (Mean±SD)
*: significant difference between AS and LS groups; #: significant difference between AG and LG groups;
Mean arterial blood pressure showed statistically significant differences between AS and LS groups after spinal injection at 10m, 15m, 20m, 35m, 50m,65m, 80m, with more decrease in LS than AS group. Also, there were statistically significant differences between AG and LG groups after induction of general anesthesia at 50m, with more decrease in LG than AG group (Table 4).
Table (4): Mean arterial blood pressure among studied populations at different points of time (Mean±SD)
*: significant difference between AS and LS groups; #: significant difference between AG and LG groups;
Heart rate showed statistically significant differences between AS and LS groups after spinal injection only at 15m, with more decrease in LS than AS group. There were statistically significant difference between AG and LG groups after induction of general anesthesia at 10m, 15m, 20m, 35m, with more decrease in LG than AG group (Table 5).
Table (5): Heart rate (beats) among studied populations at different points of time (Mean±SD)
*: significant difference between AS and LS groups; #: significant difference between AG and LG groups;
Statistically significant differences were found between AS and LS groups after spinal injection only at 10m, 15m,20m, 65m, with more decrease in LS than AS group. There was statistically insignificant difference between AG and LG groups after induction of general anaesthesia (Table 6).
Table (6): oxygen saturation among studied populations at different points of time (Mean±SD)
*: significant difference between AS and LS groups;
DISCUSSION There were statistically significant differences between AG and LG groups with more reduction in blood pressure in LG than AG group especially immediately after induction of general anesthesia and at different times after that, more drop in blood pressure occurred in LG group after induction of anesthesia which was statistically significant. There were In agreement with our results (Comfere et al., 2005) studied angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in a general surgical population underwent vascular surgery with general anesthesia. The study observes that in the first 30 min after induction there are more cases of moderate hypotension. Also, in agreement with our results, in another prospective, randomized, double- blind study patients who underwent general anesthesia, on ACEI no differences are registered regarding basal characteristics, a higher number of cases of hypotension and need of vasoactive support is observed after the induction of anesthesia (Schirmer and Schurmann 2007). Also in agreement with our results Brabant et al. (1999) assesses different hypotensive drugs (ACEI and CCBs) which are maintained until anesthesia is induced The study shows that a higher number of episodes of hypotension which are more intense in ACEi in camparison to CCBs group which none of the patients showed hypotension. In agreement with our results Duminda and Scott (2003) studied the effect Although Effects of extended-release metoprolol succinate in patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery and found CCBs have not been widely reported to cause intraoperative hemodynamic instability, hypotension in patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery. Also, in agreement with our results Calloway et al. (2014) compare postinduction hemodynamics differences among hypertensive patients whom on ACEIs in comparison to whom on CCBs in patients subjected for spinal and general anesthesia, the primary outcomes investigated were absolute decrease in SBPs and MAPs, incidence of intraoperative hypotension associated with ACEIs group more than that happened with CCBs (James Calloway et al., 2014). Schulte et al. (2011) stated the pressure levels are lower in the group who receive AECI, compared with their own basal levels, when he underwent a study on hypertensive patients on ACEIs subjected for general anesthesia Turan et al. (2012) showed insignificant differences regarding the arterial pressure levels or the number of hypotensive episodes at any point during the surgical procedure among the different groups of patients who receive different antihypertensive drugs and those who do not use them. The authors did observe that in the group of patients who received AECIs, the consumption of phenylephrine is significantly higher. In disagreement with our results the work made by Salvetti et al. (2016) a prospective observational study, on patients on ACEIs or not, it was carried out in operations that required general anaesthesia. The hemodynamic follow-up was until150 min in the post anaesthesia care unit. They found no differences between the arterial pressures in both groups. Oliveira-Paula et al. (2018) suggested that subjects taking ACEI preoperatively are more Susceptible to develop hypotension requiring intervention intra-operatively as compared to patients for whom ACEI are withdrawn immediately before surgery or whom on CCBs. More intense decreases in blood pressure induced by propofol were observed in patients chronically treated with enalapril compared with controls, and the incidence of hypotensive episode in patients receiving ACEI increases with the doses of propofol. Rosenman et al. (2008) showed that continuing drugs up to the morning of surgery was more likely to lead to hypotension at or following induction of anesthesia with a need for vasopressor to restore the blood pressure to normal levels. Regarding blood pressure changes (SBP, DBP, MAP), In the present study, there was a statistically significant difference between AS&LS groups as more reduction in LS than AS group. In agreement with our results Calloway et al. (2014) studied on Patients who were hypertensive whether taking or not taking any antihypertensive medications and had undergone orthopedic surgery under spinal ansthesia. The primary outcomes were absolute decrease occurred in SBPs and MAPs, incidence of intraoperative hypotension. Patients who were hypertensive whether taking or not taking any antihypertensive medications and had undergone elective general & orthopedic surgery during the duration of the study period, stated that CCBs were associated with no hemodynamic instabilityand reduced risk of death and MI Studies have shown that ACE inhibitors and ARB are associated with higher incidence of intraoperative hypotension (Gustavo et al. B:id 2018). REFERENCES 1. Brabant SM, Bertrand M, Eyraud D, Darmon PL and Coriat P. (1999): The hemodynamic effects of anesthetic induction in vascular surgical patients chronically treated with angiotensin II receptor antagonists. Anesth Analg., 89:1388–92. 2. Comfere T, Sprung J, Kumar MM, Draper M, Wilson DP and Williams B. (2005): Angiotensin system inhibitors in a general surgical population. Anesth Analg., 100: 636–44 3. Duminda N. and Scott B W. (2003): Calcium Channel Blockers for Reducing Cardiac Morbidity After Noncardiac Surgery: A Meta-Analysis; Anesth Analg;97:634 –41 4. Gustavo H. Oliveira-Paula, Lucas C. Pinheiro , Graziele C. Ferreira and Waynice N.P. (2018): Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors enhance the hypotensive effects of propofol by increasing nitric oxide production; Free Radical Biology and Medicine 115., 5. Calloway J.J., Memtsoudis G., Krauser D.G. and Yan M. (2014): Hemodynamic effects of angiotensin inhibitors in elderly hypertensives undergoing total knee arthroplasty under regional anesthesia; Journal of the American Society of Hypertension, 8(9)644–651 6. James PA, Oparil S, Carter BL, Cushman WC, Dennison-Himmelfarb C. and Handler J. (2014): Evidence-based guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults. JAMA, 311:507. 7. Karachalios GN, Charalabopoulos A, Papalimneou V, Kiortsis D, Dimicco P and Kostoul, K. (2005): Withdrawal syndrome following cessation of antihypertensive drug therapy. Int J Clin Pract . 59:562–70. 8. Prys-Roberts C, Greene LT, Meloche R and Foëx P. (1991): Studies of anaesthesia in relation to hypertension. II. Haemodynamic consequences of induction and endotracheal intubation. Br J Anaesth .43:531–47. 9. Rosenman DJ, McDonald FS, Ebbert JO, Erwin PJ, LaBella M and Montori VM. (2008): Clinical consequences of withholding versus administering renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system antagonists in the pr eoperative period. J Hosp Med., 3(4):319–25. 10. Salvetti G, Di Salvo C, Ceccarini G, Abramo A, Fierabracci P. and Magno S. (2016): Chronic renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blockade may not induce hypotension during anaesthesia for bariatric surgery. Obes Surg Jun., 26(6):1303–7. 11. Schirmer S. and Schurmann W. (2007): Preoperative administration of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Anaesthesist., 56:557–61. 12. Schulte E, Ziegler D, Philippi-Höhne C, Kaczmarczyk G. and Boemke W. (2011): Angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibition and blood pressure response during total intravenous anaesthesia for minor surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand., 55(4):435–43. 13. Turan A, You J, Shiba A, Kurz A, Saager L. and Sessler DI. (2012): Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors are not associated with respiratory complications or mortality after noncardiac surgery. Anesth Analg., 114(3):552–60.
مقارنة عقار لیزینوبریل بعقارأملودیبین فی علاج مرض إرتفاع ضغط الدم عند التعرض للتخدیر توفیق محمد نور الدین- محمد سامی شرف*- عبد الوهاب عبد الستار صالح- محمد جمیل محمد*- عبد الله محمد عبد الله قسم التخدیر والرعایة المرکزة(کلیة الطب) جامعة الأزهر(القاهرة و دمیاط*) خلفیة البحث : یعد إرتفاع ضغط الدم الشریانی الجهازی من الامراض الشائعه عند المرضى المتقدمین لإجراء العملیات الجراحیة ویمثل تخدیرمریض ضغط الدم المرتفع مشکلة کبرى عند طبیب التخدیر اثناء العملیة الجراحیة وبعدها وأیضا من قبل ذلک عند اتخاذ القراربالقیام بالجراحة و عدم التأجیل. الهدف من البحث: کما تهدف هذه الرسالة إلى التعریف بارتفاع ضغط الدم والأسباب المؤدیة إلیه . کذلک الإشارة إلى الطریقة الصحیحه للتعامل مع مریض ضغط الدم المرتفع اثناء العملیات المختلفة. وذلک من خلال دراسة معالجة ماقبل العملیة و اتخاذ القرار بإجراء الجراحة فى موعدها و عدم تأجیلها , کذلک المعالجة أثناء العملیة الجراحیة والطریقة التخدیریة المختارة و أیضا المعالجة التخدیریة بعد إجراء العملیة. و قد خلص البحث إلى التعرف على المشاکل الناتجة عن إرتفاع ضغط الدم اثناء العملیات الجراحیــة و التى تؤثر على القلب و المخ وغیرهما من الأعضاء و قد تؤدى إلى الوفاة , کما تحددت الطریقة المثلى للمعالجة التخدیریة لهؤلاء المرضى اثناء العملیات الطارئة و الغیر الطارئة . کما تبین اى من الحالات یجب تاجیلها بسبب ارتفاع ضغط الدم. المرضی و طرق البحث: بعد أخذ موافقه لجنة الأخلاقیات الطبیة بجامعة الأزهر , تم إختیار 60 مریضا من کلا الجنسین ما بین40-60 سنة ذوی الدرجه الثانیه حسب تصنیف الجمعیة الأمریکیة للتخدیر والخاضعین لعلاج مرض إرتفاع ضغط الدم الشریانی بواسطة مجموعتین من الأدویة المعالجة لهذا المرض , وتم تقسیم المرضى عشوائیا إلى أربع مجموعات متساویة والمسجلین فی الجراحة الاختیاریة تحت التخدیر العام والنصفی: المجموعة الأولی: المرضی الذین یعانون من إرتفاع ضغط الدم ویتناولون لیزینوبریل ، ومتعرضین للتخدیر الکلی, والمجموعه الثانیة: المرضی الذین یعانون من إرتفاع ضغط الدم لیزینوبریل ، ومتعرضین للتخدیرالنصفی, والمجموعه الثالثة: المرضی الذین یعانون من إرتفاع ضغط الدم ویتناولون الأملودیبیبن ، ومتعرضین للتخدیر الکلی, والمجموعة الرابعة: المرضی الذین یعانون من إرتفاع ضغط الدم ویتناولون الأملودیبین ومتعرضین للتخدیر النصفی. وقد استبعد من هذه الدراسة المرضى الغیر لائقین لمثل هذه الدراسات کالذین یعانون من إرتفاع ضغط الدم غیر المنضبط أو وجود مضاعفات ارتفاع ضغط الدم (تلف العضو المستهدف), أو وجود أمراض جهازیة شدیدة مرتبطة بالکبد أوالقلب أوالکلى أوالجهاز التنفسی , أو المرضى الذین یتناولون أدویة من أکثر من مجموعه من مجموعات الأدویة المعالجة لإرتفاع ضغط الدم الشریانی, أو الذین تم وقف تناول الأدویة الخافضة للضغط خلال الـ 6 أشهر الماضیة حتى وقت العملیة الجراحیة. وتم تخدیرالمرضى تخدیرا عاما باستخدام الأدویة التالیة: الفنتانیل (2 میکروغرام / کغ / جرعة) - بروبوفول (2 مغ / کغ / جرعة) - روکورونیوم (0.6 مجم / کجم) - أیزوفلوران (ماک 1.2). وتم إجراء التخدیر الشوکی فی وضعیة الجلوس فیما بین الفقرتین القطنیتین الثالثة والرابعة باستخدام إبرة بذل قطنی مقاس 25, وتم حقن بوبیفکین عالی الکثافه 0.5% (0.3 مجم/کجم) و 20 میکروغرام الفنتانیل (0٫5 مل) داخل الأم الجافیة. وتم متابعه المرضی ومراقبة التغیرات الدینامیکیة الدمویة: • ضغط الدم الشریانی :( ضغط الدم الشریانی الانقباضی ، ضغط الدم الشریانی الإنبساطی , وضغط الدم الشریانی المتوسط) . • معدل ضربات القلب ونسبه تشبع الاکسجین بالدم على النحو التالی: • ضغط الدم الشریانی القاعدی قبل الجراحة وقراءة معدل النبض. (0) ثم مباشرة بعد بدء التخدیر العام مباشرة. (1) ثم کل 5 دقائق لمدة 20 دقیقة. ثم کل 15 دقیقة حتى نهایة العملیة. النتائج: تبین أن مجموعتی الأملودیبین فعالتین فی تخفیف الارتفاع فی متوسط معدل النبض وتثبیط الارتفاع فی استجابة ضغط الدم الانقباضی لتنظیر الحنجرة والتنبیب , بینما کانت مجموعتی لیزینوبریل (وخاصة المجموعه الثالثة) مصحوبة فی أغلب الحالات بحدوث إنخفاض ضغط الدم بعد تحریض التخدیر وحدوث إرتفاع ضغط الدم بعد تنظیر الحنجرة والتنبیب ، أو غیرها من المحفزات الضارة, وإستجابات مبالغ فیها للضغط ومعدل ضربات القلب للمحفزات الضارة عندما یتم حجب الأدویة قبل التخدیر والجراحة. الإستنتاج: تبین من الدراسة أن عقار أملودیبین أفضل من عقار لیزینوبریل فی علاج مرضی ضغط الدم المتعرضین للتخدیر, فهوفعال فی تخفیف الإرتفاع فی متوسط معدل النبض وتثبیط الإرتفاع فی إستجابة ضغط الدم الإنقباضی لتنظیر الحنجرة والتنبیب. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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REFERENCES 1. Brabant SM, Bertrand M, Eyraud D, Darmon PL and Coriat P. (1999): The hemodynamic effects of anesthetic induction in vascular surgical patients chronically treated with angiotensin II receptor antagonists. Anesth Analg., 89:1388–92. 2. Comfere T, Sprung J, Kumar MM, Draper M, Wilson DP and Williams B. (2005): Angiotensin system inhibitors in a general surgical population. Anesth Analg., 100: 636–44 3. Duminda N. and Scott B W. (2003): Calcium Channel Blockers for Reducing Cardiac Morbidity After Noncardiac Surgery: A Meta-Analysis; Anesth Analg;97:634 –41 4. Gustavo H. Oliveira-Paula, Lucas C. Pinheiro , Graziele C. Ferreira and Waynice N.P. (2018): Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors enhance the hypotensive effects of propofol by increasing nitric oxide production; Free Radical Biology and Medicine 115., 5. Calloway J.J., Memtsoudis G., Krauser D.G. and Yan M. (2014): Hemodynamic effects of angiotensin inhibitors in elderly hypertensives undergoing total knee arthroplasty under regional anesthesia; Journal of the American Society of Hypertension, 8(9)644–651 6. James PA, Oparil S, Carter BL, Cushman WC, Dennison-Himmelfarb C. and Handler J. (2014): Evidence-based guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults. JAMA, 311:507. 7. Karachalios GN, Charalabopoulos A, Papalimneou V, Kiortsis D, Dimicco P and Kostoul, K. (2005): Withdrawal syndrome following cessation of antihypertensive drug therapy. Int J Clin Pract . 59:562–70. 8. Prys-Roberts C, Greene LT, Meloche R and Foëx P. (1991): Studies of anaesthesia in relation to hypertension. II. Haemodynamic consequences of induction and endotracheal intubation. Br J Anaesth .43:531–47. 9. Rosenman DJ, McDonald FS, Ebbert JO, Erwin PJ, LaBella M and Montori VM. (2008): Clinical consequences of withholding versus administering renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system antagonists in the pr eoperative period. J Hosp Med., 3(4):319–25. 10. Salvetti G, Di Salvo C, Ceccarini G, Abramo A, Fierabracci P. and Magno S. (2016): Chronic renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blockade may not induce hypotension during anaesthesia for bariatric surgery. Obes Surg Jun., 26(6):1303–7. 11. Schirmer S. and Schurmann W. (2007): Preoperative administration of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Anaesthesist., 56:557–61. 12. Schulte E, Ziegler D, Philippi-Höhne C, Kaczmarczyk G. and Boemke W. (2011): Angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibition and blood pressure response during total intravenous anaesthesia for minor surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand., 55(4):435–43. 13. Turan A, You J, Shiba A, Kurz A, Saager L. and Sessler DI. (2012): Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors are not associated with respiratory complications or mortality after noncardiac surgery. Anesth Analg., 114(3):552–60. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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