DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND PERFORMANCEEVALUATION OF AN ALMOND KERNEL EXTRACTION MACHINE: 2. SEPARATING, GRADING AND CLEANING UNITS | ||||
| Misr Journal of Agricultural Engineering | ||||
| Article 3, Volume 35, Issue 2, April 2018, Page 423-444 PDF (773.97 K) | ||||
| Document Type: Original Article | ||||
| DOI: 10.21608/mjae.2018.95760 | ||||
 View on SCiNiTO | ||||
| Author | ||||
| M. M. Ibrahim | ||||
| Assoc. Prof., Ag. Eng. Dept., Fac. of Agric., Cairo University, Giza, Egypt. | ||||
| Abstract | ||||
| Separating unit performs the second operation in almond kernel extraction as almond grading is necessary to further processing. Separating, grading and cleaning units were added to almond kernel extraction machine. The separating unit was developed through consecutive stages of design, fabrication and evaluation. Some physical and mechanical properties (dimensions, mass, volume, static coefficient of friction and terminal velocity) of almond kernel that are pertinent to the mechanical processing were measured and considered in design stage of separating, grading and cleaning units. The developed units were evaluated at four levels of crank speed (CS) (200, 225, 250 and 275 rpm), four levels of feeding rate (FR) (173, 183, 295, 357 kg h-1) and three levels of sieve angle (SA) (5, 10 and 20 deg.). The Evaluation was based on the following parameters: grading efficiency (GE), machine capacity (Pm) and consumed energy (CE). The results recommend operating the machine at combinations of CS =225→250 rpm, SA =5→20 degrees at different FR to maximize GE value of 87.97 % - 95.7%. | ||||
| Keywords | ||||
| almonds; separating; grading; design; cleaning; energy; sieve | ||||
| References | ||||
|
Aarabi, M. J. and R. Ebrahimi. 2017. Pneumatic separation of Mmi cultivar almond (Prunus amygdalus) kernel from cracked shell. Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences, August ; 5(4).
Amin, E. E. A. 2003. Effect of some physical and mechanical properties on grading efficiency. The 11th. An. Conf Misr Society of Agr. Eng. (MSAE) Oct.: 451-470.
ASAE Standards. 1999. Moisture measurement - unground grain and seeds. Standard ASAE NO: S352.2 DEC97. St. Joseph, Mich. ASAE:567.
Awady, M. N. and A. S. El Sayed. 1994. Separation of peanut seeds by air stream. Misr J. Ag. Eng. 11 (1): 137-147.
Aydin, C. 2003. Physical properties of almond nut and kernel. Journal of Food Engineering, 60(3): 315−320.
Baryeh, E. A. 2001. Physical properties of bambara groundnuts. Journal of Food Engineering; 47(4): 321-326.
Bernik, R., and D. Stajnko. 2009. A Comparison of morphological and physical characteristics of three different hazelnut varieties (Corylus avellana L.). Pomologia Croatica, 14(4): 221–234.
Chancellor, W. J. 1981. Substituting information for energy in agriculture. Trans. ASAE Paper No. 0001- 2351.
Gorial B. Y., J. R. O’Callaghan. 1991. Separation of grain from straw in a horizontal air stream. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research 49: 273–284.
Ibrahim, M. M. 2008. Determination of dynamic coefficient of friction for some materials for feed pellet under different values of pressure and temperature. Misr J. Ag. Eng., 25(4):1389-1409.
Khir, R., Z. Pan, G. G. Atungulu, J. F Thompson. 2012. Characterization of physical and aerodynamic properties of walnuts. ASABE annual international meeting, Paper No. 12-1338051, August 2012.
Khurmi, R. S. and J. K. Gupta. 2005. Theory of machines. New Delhi: Eurasia Pub. House: 315.
Klenin, N. I., I. F. Popov and V. A. Sakun. 1985. Agricultural Machines: Theory of operation, computation of controlling parameters and the conditions of operation. Amerind publishing co. PVT. LTD. N. Y.
Marey, S., A. M. Drees, M. M. Ibrahim, and M. A. Aboegela. 2017. Design, construction and performance evaluation of an almond kernel extraction machine. Agricultural Engineering International: CIGR Journal, 19(4): 133–144.
Mohsenin, N. N. 1986. Physical properties of plant and animal materials. Gordon and Breach Sc. Pub.
Mostafa, H. M. and A. H. Bahnasawy. 2009. Development of affordable machine for sizing Egyptian onion. Agr. Eng. I.: the CIGR Ejournal. Manuscript FP 1179. Vol. XI.
Nahal, A. M., A. Arabhosseini, M. H Kianmehr. 2013. Separation of shelled walnut particles using pneumatic method. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 6(3): 88－93.
Nigrini, O., C. K. Spilman, Y. J. Wang, D. S. Chung, J. L. Steele and E. Posner. 1994. Evaluation of laboratory grain cleaning and separating equipment. Part II Trans. of the ASAE. 37 (6):1913-1918.
Okunola, A. A. and J. C. Igbeka. 2009. Development of a reciprocating sieve and air blast cereal cleaner. African Crop Sc. Conf. Proc, Vol. 9. : 3 – 8.
Potter, D., T. Eriksson, R. C. Evans, S. Oh, J. E. E. Smedmark, D. R. Morgan, M. Kerr, K. R. Robertson, M. Arsenault, T. A. Dickinson, and C. S. Campbell. 2007. Phylogeny and classification of Rosaceae. Plant Systematics and Evolution 266: 5–43.
Tabak, S. and D. Wolf. 1998. Aerodynamic properties of cottonseeds. J. Agric. Engng Res. 70:257-265.
Tado, C.J.M., P. Wacker, H. D. Kutzbach, D. C. Suministrado. 1999. Aerodynamic properties of paddy. Agricultural Engineering Journal 8: 91–100. | ||||
|
Statistics Article View: 191 PDF Download: 259 |
||||
