TREATMENT AND RECYCLING ENGINEERING OF CHICKEN LITTER VIA THERMAL GASIFICATION PROCESS FOR WARMING POULTRY HOUSES | ||||
| Misr Journal of Agricultural Engineering | ||||
| Article 27, Volume 34, Issue 1, January 2017, Page 457-486 PDF (1.67 MB) | ||||
| Document Type: Original Article | ||||
| DOI: 10.21608/mjae.2017.97141 | ||||
 View on SCiNiTO | ||||
| Authors | ||||
| Said Elshahat Abdallah1; Wael Mohamed Elmessery2 | ||||
| 1Associate Professor, Agricultural Engineering Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr Elsheikh 33516, Egypt. | ||||
| 2Lecturer, Agricultural Engineering Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr Elsheikh 33516, Egypt. | ||||
| Abstract | ||||
| Poultry industry, in Egypt, encounters a lot of problems and diseases especially at winter season. A lot of chicks are dying due to low temperatures at night. Poultry house warming requires a lot of energy using petroleum delivers such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). In this period of each year, the higher demand on LPG cylinders raises the crisis of energy shortage in Egypt. Add-value principle was considered for solving the problem. Chicken litter as a by-product of poultry production process can be recycled and reused as an alternative source of energy where there is no transportation is required especially at remote areas. Poultry house, under investigation, is located at 12 Elezbah Elbaidah village, Elhamoul district, Kafr Elsheikh governorate. According to data collected about weather conditions, the environment is almost at steady state conditions in the two months of January and February of 2016 during the period from 12:00AM to 7:00AM at 12˚C and relative humidity of 70% to be suitable for experimentation. Poultry house was divided into two longitudinal sections called raceways. Thermal gasification technique is selected for biomass (chicken litter) energy conversion. Based on energy needs for warming process, the operation parameters and investigation variables of thermal gasification process were chosen. A continuous feeding fluidized bed reactor type with a catalyst sand bed was used. The system consists of gasifier reactor, chicken litter feeding section, cleaning section of two cyclones and gasifying agent supplying section. The effect of catalyst presence percent (Dolomite) of 20, 30 and 50% in the sand bed, four levels of equivalence ratio of 0.326, 0.289, 0.227 and 0.202, three different temperature profiles of 430, 560 and 670˚C and two types of gasifying agent of natural air and mixture of air with steam are investigated. Two pathways of energy outputs; energy released to surround environment around the gasifier reactor and by the product gas. Each energy pathway was directed to a specific raceway. An air temperature change of each raceway is an indicator of energy content of each output pathway. Higher temperature profile of 670˚C contributes to higher gas yield and biomass conversion. The steam introduced with air increases the energy output by steam reforming and water gas shift reaction. Higher percent of catalyst of 50% Dolomite enhances syngas quality by reducing the amount of tar. The optimum operating conditions that meet with energy requirements of the poultry house was achieved at chicken litter feeding rate of 0.7kg/h or equivalence ratio of 0.289 and temperature profile of 670˚C and 50% of catalyst presence with gasifying agent of enriched air with steam that can change air temperature of 20˚C in ten minutes. The gasifier provides total energy (surround and syngas) of 14.97MJ/h and consumes of 1.85MJ/h. Whereas with gasifying agent of air only reduces the amount of energy consumed to 1.44MJ/h and produces total energy of 13.34MJ/h. Calorific value of syngas achieved in both cases (air with steam and air only ) are 5.75 and 5.11MJ/kg, respectively. | ||||
| Keywords | ||||
| Chicken litter gasification; thermal energy magnification; heat balance | ||||
| References | ||||
|
Arena, U. 2012. Process and technological aspects of municipal solid waste gasification: A review. Waste Management, 32: 625-639.
Barisano, D.; G. Canneto; F. Nanna; E. Alvino; G. Pinto; A. Villone; M. Carnevale; V. Valerio; A. Battafarano and G. Braccio. 2016. Steam/oxygen biomass gasification at pilot scale in an internally circulating bubbling fluidized bed reactor. Fuel Processing Technology, 141: 74–81.
Cheng, Y.; Z. Thowa and C. Wang. 2016. Biomass gasification with CO2 in a fluidized bed. Powder Technology, 296: 87–101.
Coutoa, N.; A. Rouboaa; V. Silvaa; E. Monteiro and K. Bouziane. 2013. Influence of the biomass gasification processes on the final composition of syngas. Energy Procedia, 36: 596–606.
Dounis, A. I.; M. J. Santamouris; C. C. Lefas and A. Argiriou. 1995. Design of a fuzzy set environment comfort system. Energy and Buildings, 22: 81-87.
Elnady, M. A.; H. A. Hassanien; M. A. Salem and H. M. Samir. 2010. Algal abundances and growth performances of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromisniloticus L.) as affected by different fertilizer sources. Journal of American Science, 6(11): 584-593.
FAO. 2013. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: Statistical yearbook, world food and agriculture, Rome.
Gomez, E.; D. Amutha; C. Rani; D. Cheeseman; M. Deegan; Wisec and A. Boccaccini. 2009. Thermal plasma technology for the treatment of wastes: a critical review. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 161: 614–626.
Gornowicz, E.; L. Lewko and J. Gornowicz. 2007. Effects of air temperature in the final growing period and of bird strain on carcase and meat quality in broiler chickens. Polish journal of food and nutrition sciences, 57: 4(A): 175-179.
Hamel, S.; H. Hasselbach; S. Weil and W. Krumm. 2007. Auto-thermal two-stage gasification of low-density waste-derived fuels. Energy, 32: 95–107.
Hernandez, J. J.; M. Lapuerta and E. Monedero. 2016. Characterization of residual char from biomass gasification: effect of the gasifier operating conditions. Journal of Cleaner Production, 138: 83-93.
Hinton, M. H. 2000. Infections and intoxications associated with animal feed and forage which may present a hazard to human health. Veterinary Journal, 159(2):124-138.
Johari, A.; H. Hashim; M. Ramli; M. Jusoh and M. Rozainee. 2011. Effects of fluidization number and air factor on the combustion of mixed solid waste in a fluidized bed. Applied Thermal Engineering, 31: 1861-1868.
Kim, Y. D.; C. W. Yang; B. J. Kim; K. S. Kim; J. W. Lee; J. H. Moon; W. Yang; T. U. Yu and U. D. Lee. 2013. Air-blown gasification of woody biomass in a bubbling fluidized bed gasifier. Applied Energy, 112: 414–420.
Knud-Hansen, C. F.; T. R. Batterson and C. D. McNabb. 1993. The role of chicken manure in the production of Nile tilapia (Oreochromisniloticus L.). Aquaculture and Fisheries Management, 24: 483-493.
Lasa, H.; E. Salaices; J. Mazumder and R. Lucky. 2011. Catalytic steam gasification of biomass: catalysts: thermodynamics and kinetics. Chemical Reviews, 111: 5404–5433.
Lemmens, B.; H. Elslander; I. Vanderreydt; K. Peys; L. Diels; M. Osterlinck and M. Joos. 2007. Assessment of plasma gasification of high caloric waste streams. Waste Management, 27: 1562–1569.
Lin, C. K. and Y. Yi. 2003. Minimizing environmental impacts of freshwater aquaculture and reuse of pond effluents and mud. Aquaculture, 226: 57–68.
Mansaray, K. G.; A. E. Ghaly; A. M. Al-Taweel; F. Hamdullahpur and V. I. Ugursal. 1999. Air gasification of rice husk in a dual distributor type fluidized bed gasifier. Biomass and Bioenergy, 17:315-332.
Mastellone, M. L.; D. Santoro; L. Zaccariello and U. Arena. 2010. The effect of oxygen nenriched air on the fluidized bed co-gasification of coal, plastics and wood. 3rd International Symposium on Energy from Biomass and Waste, Venice, Italy, 8–11.
Moustakas, K.; D. Fatta; S. Malamis; K. Haralambous and M. Loizidou. 2005. Demonstration plasma gasification/vitrification system for effective hazardous waste treatment. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 123:120–126.
Nam, H.; A. L. Maglinao Jr.; S. C. Capareda and D. A. Rodriguez-Alejandro. 2016. Enriched-air fluidized bed gasification using bench and pilot scale reactors of dairy manure with sand bedding based on response surface methods. Energy, 95: 187–199.
OGJ. 2016. Oil and Gas Journal: Africa gaining importance in world LPG trade.http://www.ogj.com/articles/print/volume-95/issue-19/in-thisissue/general-interest/africa-gaining-importance-in-world-lpg-trade.html, visited on 25/12/2016
Pauls, J. H.; N. Mahinpey and E. Mostafavi. 2016. Simulation of air-steam gasification of woody biomass in a bubbling fluidized bed using Aspen Plus: A comprehensive model including pyrolysis, hydrodynamics and tar production. Biomass and Bioenergy, 95: 157-166.
Taupe, N. C.; D. Lynch; R. Wnetrzak; M. Kwapinska; W. Kwapinski and J. J. Leahy. 2016. Updraft gasification of poultry litter at farm-scale – A case study. Waste Management, 50: 324–333.
Thakkar, M.; J. P. Makwana; P. Mohanty; M. Shah and V. Singh. 2016. In bed catalytic tar reduction in the auto-thermal fluidized bed gasification of rice husk: Extraction of silica, energy and cost analysis. Industrial Crops and Products, 87: 324–332.
UN. 2016. United Nations: Statistics division energy statistics database. https://knoema.com/UNSDESD2016/un-statistics-division-energy-statistics-database-2016, visited on 25/12/2016
Xiao, X.; D. D. Le; K. Morishita; S. Zhang; L. Li and T. Takarada. 2010b. Multistage biomass gasification in internally circulating fluidized bed gasifier (ICFG): test operation of animal-waste-derived biomass and parametric investigation at low temperature. Fuel Processing Technology, 91: 895–902.
Xiao, X.; D. D. Le; L. Li; X. Meng; J. Cao; K. Morishita and T. Takarada. 2010a. Catalytic steam gasification of biomass in fluidized bed at low temperature: Conversion from livestock manure compost to hydrogen-rich syngas. Biomass and Bioenergy, 34: 1505–1512.
Xin, H.; I. L. Berry; G. T. Tabler and T. A. Costello. 2001. Heat and moisture production of poultry and their housing systems: broilers. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, ASAE, 44(6): 1851–1857.
Yi, Y. 1998. A bioenergetics growth model for Nile tilapia (Oreochromisniloticus L.) based on limiting nutrients and fish standing crop in fertilized ponds. Aquacultural Engineering, 18: 157–173.
| ||||
|
Statistics Article View: 270 PDF Download: 224 |
||||
