أثر الموت الأسود على المجتمع الإنجليزي في النصف الثاني من القرن 14م
حواله, . (2025). أثر الموت الأسود على المجتمع الإنجليزي في النصف الثاني من القرن 14م. EKB Journal Management System, 31(31), 451-488. doi: 10.21608/jfpsu.2024.330112.1393
إسراء السيد إسماعيل حواله. "أثر الموت الأسود على المجتمع الإنجليزي في النصف الثاني من القرن 14م". EKB Journal Management System, 31, 31, 2025, 451-488. doi: 10.21608/jfpsu.2024.330112.1393
حواله, . (2025). 'أثر الموت الأسود على المجتمع الإنجليزي في النصف الثاني من القرن 14م', EKB Journal Management System, 31(31), pp. 451-488. doi: 10.21608/jfpsu.2024.330112.1393
حواله, . أثر الموت الأسود على المجتمع الإنجليزي في النصف الثاني من القرن 14م. EKB Journal Management System, 2025; 31(31): 451-488. doi: 10.21608/jfpsu.2024.330112.1393

أثر الموت الأسود على المجتمع الإنجليزي في النصف الثاني من القرن 14م

مجلة کلية الآداب .جامعة بورسعيد
Volume 31, Issue 31, January 2025, Page 451-488  XML PDF (969.25 K)
Document Type: المقالة الأصلية
DOI: 10.21608/jfpsu.2024.330112.1393
View on SCiNiTO View on SCiNiTO
Author
إسراء السيد إسماعيل حواله email
قسم التاريخ والحضارة، كلية الآداب، جامعة بورسعيد، مصر
Abstract
يتناول هذا البحث تأثير الموت الأسود على البنية الاجتماعية للمجتمع الإنجليزي في النصف الثاني من القرن الرابع عشر؛ حيث كان له عظيم الأثر على الأسرة والفرد والجماعة ورجال الدين والساسة والفقراء والأغنياء على حدٍ سواء، وأثَّر على مكانة المرأة؛ حيث فقدت الكثير من حقوقها التي قد كفلها  القانون العام الإنجليزي لها قبل الموت الأسود. وكان هذا الوباء هو السبب في تدمير العلاقات والروابط  داخل الأسرة الإنجليزية، فنشر الخوف والفزع والموت بين الناس، وكان السبب في التغيرات التي طرأت على الطقوس الجنائزية، وعملية دفن الموتى التي أصبحت غير إنسانية خلال تلك الفترة؛ ونتيجة لما أحدثه من زيادة في عدد الوفيات بين الطلاب في إنجلترا، توقفت الحركة التعليمة؛ حيث ترتب على الموت الأسود ارتفاع هائل في معدلات الوفيات. وكانت هناك مجموعة من العوامل التي استطاع من خلالها الموت الأسود أن يختار ضحاياه؛ فقد تسبب الموت الأسود في الشتات الذي أصاب المجتمع في صميم  كيانه.
This research deals with the impact of the Black Death on the social structure of English society in the second half of the 14th  century; as it had a great impact on family, individual, group, clergy, politicians, and the poor and the rich alike. In addition, it affected the status of women; as they lost many of their rights that were guaranteed by English common law before the Black Death. This epidemic was the reason for the destruction of relationships and ties within the English family, spreading fear, panic and death among people, and changing funeral rituals and the process of burying the dead, which became inhumane during that period. As a result of the increase in the number of deaths among students in England, the educational movement stopped. This is mainly because the Black Death resulted in a huge increase in death rates. There were a group of factors through which the Black Death was able to choose its victims; the Black Death caused the dispersion that affected society at the core of its being.
Keywords
آثار اجتماعية؛ الموت الأسود؛ إنجلترا في القرن الرابع عشر; Social impacts; Black Death; England in the 4th century
References
  • قائمة المصادر:
  1. J, The Black Death ,The Great Mortality of 1348-1350: A Brief History with Documents, Palgrave Macmillan New York, 30 April 2016
  2. G, the Decameron, trans. by Mark Musa and Peter Bondanella, New American Library, 1982.
  3. Horrox, R. The Black Death (Manchester Medieval Sources), Manchester University Press, 1994.
  4. H, Knighton's Chronicle 1337-1396 (Oxford Medieval Texts), 1996.
  • المراجع الأجنبية المترجمة :
  1. جوزيف بيرن ، الموت الأسود، هيئة أبو ظبي للسياحة والثقافة،2013.
  2. روبرت س. جوتفريد ،  الموت الأسود  جائحة طبيعية وبشرية في عالم العصور الوسطى ، المركز القومي للترجمة ، 2007.
  • المراجع الأجنبية :
  1. C.M, London in the Later Middle Ages, Government and People, 1200-1500, Oxford University Press, 2004.
  2. C. E, the Black Death in Bristol, Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society, Vol.60 (1938)
  3. R, The Black Death in English towns, Urban History 1 October 1994.
  4. J, London's Dreaded Visitation (Historical Geography Research Paper Series, 1995
  5. F.J, Annalium Hiberniae Chronicon, (Dublin: Irish Archeological Society, 1849
  6. Cohn, S. Plague violence and abandonment from the Black Death to the early modern period. Annales de démographie historique. 2017.
  7. Cohn, S.K. The Black Death Transformed: Disease and Culture in Early Renaissance Europe. Arnold, London. 2002.
  8. G. G, The black death, London: Ernest Benn, 1929
  9. W.J, The Effect of the Black Death on English Higher Education, Vol. 55, No. 4 .1980
  10. C, A History of Epidemics in Britain, The University Press, 1891.
  11. Davies .M & Kissock.J , “The Feet of Fines, the Land Market and the English Agricultural Crisis of 1315-1322,” Journal of Historical Geography,Vol 30 (2004)
  12. DeWitte, S.N. & Wood, J.W. Selectivity of the Black Death with respect to preexisting health. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Vol, 105 (5) 2008.
  13. DeWitte, S.N. The effect of sex on risk of mortality during the Black Death in London, A.D. 1349e1350. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 139, 2009.
  14. DeWitte,S, Age Patterns of Mortality During the Black Death in London, A.D. 1349–1350, Journal of Archaeological Science, Vol 37 (2010).
  15. w, the Black Death and Pastoral Leadership: The Diocese of Hereford in the Fourteenth Century, The Journal of Ecclesiastical History, Vol 47, Issue 2, 1996.
  16. I, The Politics of Burial in Late Medieval Hereford, The English Historical Review, Vol 125, Issue 516, October 2010.
  17. K, The Good Women of the Parish: Gender and Religion after the Black Death (Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008
  18. Gage, T.B. Mathematical hazard models of mortality: an alternative to model life tables. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 1988, Vol.76 (4).
  19. F.A, The Great Pestilence (A.D. 1348-9), Now Commonly Known as The Black Death, Simpkin Marshall, Hamilton, Kent and Co. Limited. London, 1893
  20. A, Mortality enfand and child, journal of the economic and social history of the orient Vol 32, 1989.
  21. P. J. P. Women in England, C. 1275-1525: Documentary Sources, Manchester University Press, 1995.
  22. R, Bury St. Edmunds and the Urban Crisis: 1290-1539, Princeton University Press. 1982.
  23. R, Epidemic Disease in Fifteenth Century England: The Medical Response and the Demographic Consequences, Leicester University Press, 1978.
  24. Gowland, R.L., Chamberlain, A.T. Detecting plague: palaeodemographic characterisation of a catastrophic death assemblage. Antiquity 79 (303), 2005
  25. Grainger, I., Hawkins, D., Cowal, L., Mikulski, R. The Black Death Cemetery, East Smithfield, London. In: Museum of London Archeology Service Monograph, vol. 43. 2008.
  26. B& Young.R, Norwich the Growth of A City, Norwich Castle Museum, 1968.
  27. B.A, the Wealth of Wives: Women, Law, and Economy in Late Medieval London, Oxford University Press, 2007.
  28. J, Rural Economy and Society in the Duchy of Cornwall 1300–1500, Cambridge University Press 2008.
  29. D ,The Black Death and the new London cemeteries of 1348, Antiquity , Vol 64 , Issue 244 , September 1990
  30. J, Presidential Address: Feudal Society and the Family in Early Medieval England: IV. The Heiress and the Alien,” Cambridge University Press: 12 February 2009.
  31. Latham, R & Matthews, W, the Diary of Samuel Pepys, vol. VII (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000
  32. Margerison, B.J., Knüsel, C.J., Paleodemographic comparison of a catastrophic and an attritional death assemblage. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, Vol 119 (2), 2002.
  33. Milner, G.R. & Wood, J.W. & Boldsen, J.L. Paleodemography, Biological Anthropology of the Human Skeleton. Wiley-Liss, New York, 2008.
  34. C. F, the Bubonic Plague and England, University of Kentucky Press, 1956.
  35. R, the Origins of Property in England, Cambridge University Press, Vol35, 2011.
  36. M.J, Property, Power and Patriarchy: The Decline of Women's Property Right in England after the Black Death, the University of Houston, 2014.
  37. Platter, F, Beloved Son Felix: The Journal of Felix Platter a Medical Student in Montpellier in the Sixteenth Century, Frederick Muller, London, England, 1961.
  38. Pollock .F&Maitlan F.W, The History of English Law Before the Time of Edward I, Vol. 2, Cambridge University Press, 1895.
  39. Postan .M, medieval agriculture and general problems cam. Bridge, 1956.
  40. Razi, Z. Life, Marriage, and Death in a Medieval Parish: Economy, Society, and Demography in Halesowen, 1270e1400. Cambridge University Press. 1980.
  41. Y, Conséquences et intérêt démographique de la Peste noire de 1348, Institut National d'Etudes Démographiques , 1948
  42. J, Patriarchy and Families of Privilege in Fifteenth Century England, (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1991.
  43. Russell, J.C., British Medieval Population. University of NewMexico, Albuquerque.1948.
  44. J. F. D., A History of Bubonic Plague in the British Isles, Cambridge University Press, 2005.
  45. S, Women and Power in the Late Medieval English Village: a reconsideration, Journal homepage, Vol 16, Issue 3: 2007.
  46. Thompson .J.W., the aflrmath of th black death and the after math of the great war : The University of Chicago Press ,1921,
  47. A, Registers of John Gynewell, Bishop of Lincoln, for the years 1347-1350, Archaeological journal, Vol 68, 1911.
  48. A, Registers of John Gynewell, Bishop of Lincoln, for the years 1347-1350, Archaeological journal, Vol 68, 1911.
  49. H, the Pestilences of the Fourteenth Century in the Diocese of York, Archaeological Journal Volume 71, Issue 1, 1914.
  50. Thrupp, S. L., the Merchant Class of Medieval London, 1300-1500, University of Michigan Press, 1989.
  51. Waldron, H.A. Are plague pits of particular use to palaeoepidemiologists? International Journal of Epidemiology Vol 30, Issue 1, 2001.
  52. C. K, Plague and Family Life, In (Jones.M, The New Cambridge Medieval History), ambridge University Press: 2008.
Statistics
Article View: 88
PDF Download: 80