اكتساب الجنسية عن طريق الاستثمار: دراسة قانونية مقارنة في ضوء السيادة الوطنية ومقتضيات العولمة / Acquiring Citizenship by Investment: A Comparative Legal Study in Light of National Sovereignty and the Requirements of Globalization | ||
| مجلة البحوث الفقهية والقانونية | ||
| Volume 50, Issue 50, July 2025, Pages 4541-4638 PDF (1.35 M) | ||
| Document Type: المقالة الأصلية | ||
| DOI: 10.21608/jlr.2025.406636.1794 | ||
| Author | ||
| حسين عبد المعطي* | ||
| Banha, Qalyubia, Egypt | ||
| Abstract | ||
| تشهد السنوات الأخيرة تصاعدًا ملحوظًا في لجوء العديد من الدول إلى برامج التجنيس مقابل الاستثمار بوصفه أداة اقتصادية لجذب رؤوس الأموال وتحفيز النمو. وقد صاحب هذا التوجه تباين قانوني وتشريعي بين الدول في آليات التطبيق، ومدى الالتزام بالمعايير الوطنية والدولية، مما أثار تساؤلات حول مدى توافق هذه البرامج مع مفاهيم السيادة الوطنية والانتماء، في ظل ما تفرضه العولمة من انفتاح وتنافس اقتصادي. تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى تحليل الإطار القانوني لاكتساب الجنسية عن طريق الاستثمار من منظور مقارن، بين نماذج مختلفة (مثل تركيا، والاتحاد الأوربي، مصر)، مع بيان مدى تأثير هذه الممارسات على مبدأ السيادة الوطنية، وقياس مدى التوازن بين المصلحة الاقتصادية من جهة، واعتبارات الهوية والانتماء الوطني من جهة أخرى. وقد اعتمدت الدراسة على المنهج التحليلي المقارن، من خلال تحليل النصوص الدستورية والقانونية، والقرارات القضائية ذات الصلة، إضافة إلى المرجعيات الدولية مثل المواثيق الحقوقية وتقارير الأمم المتحدة. وتوصلت الدراسة إلى أن برامج الجنسية مقابل الاستثمار، وإن كانت تمثل موردًا اقتصاديًّا غير تقليدي، فإنها قد تفتح المجال لمخاطر تتعلق بالأمن القومي، والشفافية، وفقدان السيطرة على شروط الانتماء الوطني، خاصة في غياب معايير دولية منظمة لهذه الممارسات. كما أبرزت الدراسة تفاوتًا كبيرًا في التشريعات بين الدول، سواء من حيث شروط الاستثمار، أو مدى اشتراط الإقامة الفعلية، أو الرقابة القضائية على قرارات منح الجنسية. وفي ضوء ما تقدم، توصي الدراسة بضرورة وضع إطار دولي مرن لتنظيم برامج التجنيس الاستثماري، يراعي السيادة الوطنية لكل دولة، دون أن يُفرغ الجنسية من مضمونها القانوني والإنساني. كما تدعو الدراسة إلى تعزيز الرقابة البرلمانية والقضائية على هذه البرامج، ووضع معايير تضمن تماهي المستفيدين مع قيم المجتمع الوطني، وليس فقط مع مصالحه الاقتصادية. Recent years have witnessed a significant increase in the use of citizenship-by-investment programs by many countries as an economic tool to attract capital and stimulate growth. This trend has been accompanied by legal and legislative variations between countries in terms of implementation mechanisms and the extent of adherence to national and international standards. This has raised questions about the compatibility of these programs with the concepts of national sovereignty and belonging, given the openness and economic competition imposed by globalization. This study aims to analyze the legal framework for acquiring citizenship through investment from a comparative perspective, comparing different models (such as Turkey, the European Union, Egypt), demonstrating the extent to which these practices impact the principle of national sovereignty, and measuring the balance between economic interests on the one hand, and considerations of identity and national belonging on the other. The study relied on a comparative analytical approach, through an analysis of constitutional and legal texts, relevant judicial decisions, and international references such as human rights conventions and United Nations reports. The study concluded that citizenship-by-investment programs, although they represent a non-traditional economic resource, may open the door to risks related to national security, transparency, and a loss of control over the conditions of national belonging, especially in the absence of international standards regulating these practices. The study also highlighted significant disparities in legislation between countries, whether in terms of investment conditions, the extent of physical residency requirements, or judicial oversight of citizenship-granting decisions. In light of the above, the study recommends the development of a flexible international framework to regulate investment naturalization programs, one that respects the national sovereignty of each country without depriving citizenship of its legal and humanitarian content. The study also calls for strengthening parliamentary and judicial oversight of these programs and establishing standards that ensure beneficiaries align with the values of national society, not just its economic interests. | ||
| Keywords | ||
| التجنيس مقابل الاستثمار، الجنسية، برامج الجنسية الاقتصادية، السيادة الوطنية، والعولمة./ Naturalization By Investment; Citizenship; Economic Citizenship Programs; National Sovereignty; And Globalization | ||
| References | ||
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