Cellulose Nanocrystals and Nanofibers: A Review on Synthesis, Characterization, and Military Applications | ||
| The International Conference on Chemical and Environmental Engineering | ||
| Volume 13, Issue 13, October 2025, Pages 1-12 PDF (1.84 M) | ||
| Document Type: Original Article | ||
| DOI: 10.1088/1757-899X/975/1//iccee.2025.460384 | ||
| Authors | ||
| Waleed M. Gebreel; Ahmed M. Maraden; Hosam E. Mostafa | ||
| Department of Chemical Engineering, Military Technical College (MTC), Cairo, Egypt. | ||
| Abstract | ||
| Cellulose nanocrystals and cellulose nanofibers are emerging nanomaterials derived from renewable sources, exhibiting remarkable mechanical strength, high crystallinity, and biocompatibility. This review provides comprehensive insights into their synthesis, characterization, and potential applications, with an emphasis on military and advanced technological uses. Cellulose nanocrystals are primarily obtained through acid hydrolysis, whereas cellulose nanofibers are produced via mechanical disintegration techniques. Various pretreatment strategies, including alkaline and bleaching treatments, enhance extraction efficiency and improve the overall properties of these nanomaterials. Significant insights into surface chemistry, crystallinity, and shape can be obtained through techniques such as X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Cellulose nanocrystals and cellulose nanofibers exhibit excellent reinforcing properties in polymer composites, making them suitable for defense applications such as light weight armor, ballistic resistant materials, and flame-retardant coatings. Despite their promising attributes, challenges remain in large-scale production and surface functionalization. This review highlights the significance of cellulose nanocrystals and cellulose nanofibers in advancing sustainable, high performance materials. | ||
| Keywords | ||
| Cellulose nanocrystals; Cellulose nanofibers; Acid hydrolysis; Mechanical disintegration and Military applications | ||
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