Infodemic and Digital Literacy: The Role of Digital Literacy in Combating Misinformation of COVID-19 on Facebook

1. Acun, I. (2020). The Relationship among University Students' Trust, Self-Esteem, Satisfaction with Life and Social Media Use. International Journal of Instruction, 13(1), 35-52.
2. Ali, I. (2020). The COVID-19 Pandemic: Making Sense of Rumor and Fear: Op-Ed. Medical Anthropology: Cross Cultural Studies in Health and Illness, 39(5), 376–379. https://doi.org/10.1080/01459740.2020.1745481
3. Apuke , O. D., & Omar , B. (2021). Social media affordances and information abundance: Enabling fake news sharing during the COVID-19 health crisis. Health Informatics Journal , 2-23.
4. Andersen, K. G., Rambaut, A., Lipkin, W. I., Holmes, E. C., and Garry, R. F.(2020). The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2. Nat. Med. 26, 450–452. doi: 10.1038/s41591-020-0820-9
5. BBC News (2020). Ofcom: COVID-19 5G Theories are “Most Common” Misinformation. www.BBC.co.uk. Available online at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-52370616 (accessed April 21, 2020).
6. Bicher , L. A., & Fathy , S. A. (2020 ). Ethical Considerations for Using Social Media: "Is It Okay to Share?". Arab Journal of Media & Communication Research, 172-187.
7. Bruns, A., Harrington, S., & Hurcombe, E. (2021). Coronavirus Conspiracy Theories: Tracing Misinformation Trajectories from the Fringes to the Mainstream. In Communicating COVID-19 (pp. 229-249). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
8. Bulfin, S., & McGraw, K. (2015). Digital literacy in theory, policy and practice: old concerns, new opportunities. Teaching and digital technologies: Big issues and critical questions, 266-281.
9. Cho, H., Li, W., Shen, L., & Cannon, J. (2019). Mechanisms of social media effects on attitudes toward e-cigarette use: motivations, mediators, and moderators in a national survey of adolescents. Journal of medical Internet research, 21(6), e14303.
10. Chou, W. Y. S., Gaysynsky, A., & Cappella, J. N. (2020). Where we go from here: Health misinformation on social media. American Journal of Public Health, 110(53), S273–S275. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2020.305905
11. Cohen, J. (2020). Scientists “Strongly Condemn” Rumors and Conspiracy theories about Origin of Coronavirus Outbreak. Science Magazine. Available online at: https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/02/scientists-strongly-condemnrumors-and-conspiracy-theories-about-origin-coronavirus (accessed February 19, 2020).
12. Constine, J. (2020). Facebook Deletes Brazil President’s Coronavirus Misinfo Post. Tech Crunch. Available online at: https://techcrunch.com/2020/03/30/facebook-removes-bolsonaro-video/ (accessed March 31, 2020).
13. Corriere Della Sera. Available online: https://www.corriere.it/tecnologia/20_aprile_07/coronavirus-5gsono-correlati-teoria-complotto-che-ha-fatto-incendiare-antenne-inghilterra-030d0aaa-7845-11ea-98b9-85d4a42f03ea.shtml (accessed on 15 July 2020).
14. Craufurd Smith, R. (2019). Fake news, French Law and democratic legitimacy: lessons for the United Kingdom? Journal of Media Law, 11(1), 52–81. https://doi.org/10.1080/17577632.2019.1679424
15. Egypt COVID-19: Response and Recovery Interventions of the United Nations in Egypt . (2020). Retrieved from United Nation: Office on Drugs and Crimes : https://www.unodc.org/documents/middleeastandnorthafrica//2020/COVID19/COVID_19_Egypt_Final.pdf
16. Fernández-Torres, M. J., Almansa-Martínez, A., & Chamizo-Sánchez, R. (2021). Infodemic and fake news in spain during the COVID-19 pandemic. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(4), 1781.
17. Figueroa, C. A., & Aguilera, A. (2020). The need for a mental health technology revolution in the COVID-19 pandemic. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 523.
18. Freelon, D., & Wells, C. (2020). Disinformation as Political Communication. Political Communication, 37(2), 145–156. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2020.1723755
19. Freeman, D., Waite, F., Rosebrock, L., Petit, A., Causier, C., East, A., et al. (2020). Coronavirus conspiracy beliefs, mistrust, and compliance with government guidelines in England. Psychol. Med. 1–30. doi: 10.1017/S0033291720001890 [Epub ahead of print].
20. Gee, J. P. (2012, October). The old and the new in the new digital literacies. In The Educational Forum (Vol. 76, No. 4, pp. 418-420). Taylor & Francis Group.
21. Goal 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages. (2020 ). Retrieved from United Nations in Western Europe : https://unric.org/en/sdg-3/
22. Goodyear, V. A., Boardley, I., Chiou, S. Y., Fenton, S. A., Makopoulou, K., Stathi, A., ... & Thompson, J. L. (2021). Social media use informing behaviours related to physical activity, diet and quality of life during COVID-19: a mixed methods study. BMC public health, 21(1), 1-14.
23. Guess, Andrew M.; Lerner, Michael; Lyons, Benjamin; Montgomery, Jacob M.; Nyhan, Brendan; Reifler, Jason; Sircar, Neelanjan (2020). A digital media literacy intervention increases discernment between mainstream and false news in the United States and India. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, (), 201920498–. doi:10.1073/pnas.1920498117
24. Hague, C. (2010). It’s Not Chalk and Talk Anymore”: School approaches to developing students’ digital literacy. Retrieved April, 3, 2019.
25. Hamm, M. P., Shulhan, J., Williams, G., Milne, A., Scott, S. D., & Hartling, L. (2014). A systematic review of the use and effectiveness of social media in child health. BMC pediatrics, 14(1), 1-15.
26. Hancock, J.T. (2012), “Digital deception: when, where and how people lie online”, in Joinson, A.N. et al. (Eds), The Oxford Handbook of Internet Psychology, Oxford University Press, p. 508.
27. Hartley, K., & Vu, M. K. (2020). Fighting fake news in the COVID-19 era: policy insights from an equilibrium model. Policy Sciences, 53(4), 735-758.
28. Islam M.A, Barna SD, Raihan H, Khan M. NA, Hossain M.T (2020) Depression and anxiety among university students during the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh: A web-based cross-sectional survey. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0238162
29. Jack, C. (2017), “Lexicon of lies: terms for problematic information”, Data & Society Report, available at: https://datasociety.net/output/lexicon-of-lies/ (accessed December 15, 2018).
30. Jones, B. D., Baumgartner, F. R., & De La Mare, E. (2005). The supply of information and the size of government in the United States. Seattle: Center for American Politics and Public Policy, University of Washington.
31. Kaeophanuek, S., Na-Songkhla, J., & Nilsook, P. (2018). How to Enhance Digital Literacy Skills among. International Journal of Information and Education Technology, 8(4).
32. Karpati, A. (2011). Digital Literacy in Education. Retrieved from Global Development Commons : https://gdc.unicef.org/resource/digital-literacy-education
33. Kornay, H. (2020). Measuring Digital literacy skills of mass communication studnets in Egyptian universities during the online learning process through covid-19 pandemic. Egyptian Journal of Mass Communication Research, 387-427.
34. Krause, N. M., Freiling, I., Beets, B., and Brossard, D. (2020). Fact-checking as risk communication: the multi-layered risk of misinformation in times of COVID-19. J. Risk Res. 1–8. doi: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1756385 [Epub ahead of print].
35. Lewis, M., Holland, K., & Govender, E. (2021). The Interdisciplinary Communication Dynamics of the COVID-19 Pandemic. In Communicating COVID-19 (pp. 1-18). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
36. Li, H. O.-Y., Bailey, A., Huynh, D., and Chan, J. (2020). YouTube as a source of information on COVID-19: a pandemic of misinformation? BMJ Global Health 5:e002604. doi: 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002604
37. McDougall, J., Brites, M. J., Couto, M. J., & Lucas, C. (2019). Digital literacy, fake news and education. Cultura Y Educacion, 31(2), 203–212. https://doi.org/10.1080/11356405.2019.1603632
38. Merchant, R. M., & Lurie, N. (2020). Social media and emergency preparedness in response to novel coronavirus. Jama, 323(20), 2011-2012.
39. Mitchell, A., and Oliphant, J. B. (2020). Americans Immersed in COVID-19 News; Most Think Media Are Doing Fairly Well Covering It. Pew Research Center. Available online at: https://www.journalism.org/2020/03/18/americansimmersed-in-COVID-19-news-most-think-media-are-doing-fairly-wellcovering-it/ (accessed March 18, 2020).
40. Moorhead, S. A., Hazlett, D. E., Harrison, L., Carroll, J. K., Irwin, A., & Hoving, C. (2013). A new dimension of health care: systematic review of the uses, benefits, and limitations of social media for health communication. Journal of medical Internet research, 15(4), e1933.
41. Moscadelli, A., Albora, G., Biamonte, M. A., Giorgetti, D., Innocenzio, M., Paoli, & Bonaccorsi, G. (2020). Fake news and COVID-19 in Italy: results of a quantitative observational study. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(16), 5850.
42. Naeem, S., & Boulos, M. (2021 ). COVID-19 Misinformation Online and Health Literacy: A Breif Overview . International Journal of Environment Research and Public Health , 1-12 .
43. Naslund JA, Aschbrenner KA, McHugo GJ, Unützer J, Marsch LA, Bartels SJ. Exploring 272 opportunities to support mental health care using social media: A survey of social media users with mental illness. Early intervention in psychiatry. 2019;13(3):405-13.
44. Nielsen, R. K., Fletcher, R., Newman, N., Brennen, J. S., & Howard, P. N. (2020). Navigating the ‘infodemic’: How people in six countries access and rate news and information about coronavirus. Reuters Institute.
45. Ofcom (2020). Half of UK Adults Exposed to False Claims about Coronavirus. Available online at: https://www.ofcom.org.uk/about-ofcom/latest/featuresand-news/half-of-uk-adults-exposed-to-false-claims-about-coronavirus (accessed May 18, 2020).
46. Owen, S., Hagel, P., Lingham, B., & Tyson, D. (2016). Digital literacy. Available: http://www.deakin.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0017/38006/digital-literacy.pdf
47. Sanders, L. (2020). The Difference between What Republicans and Democrats Believe to be True about COVID-19. YouGov. Available online at: https://today.yougov.com/topics/politics/articles-reports/2020/05/26/ republicans-democrats-misinformation (accessed May 26, 2020).
48. PAHO, & WHO. (2020). Understanding the infodemic and misinformation in the fight against COVID-19. Washington, D.C. : Pan American Health Organization.
49. Posetti, J., & Bontcheva, K. (2020). Disinfodemic: deciphering COVID-19 disinformation. Policy brief, 1.
50. Priatna, Y. (2018). Hoax: An Information Society Challenge. Record and Library Journal, 4(2), 92-98. DOI 10.20473/rlj.V4-I2.2018.92-98
51. Primack, B. A., Shensa, A., Escobar-Viera, C. G., Barrett, E. L., Sidani, J. E., Colditz, J. B., & James, A. E. (2017). Use of multiple social media platforms and symptoms of depression and anxiety: A nationally-representative study among US young adults. Computers in human behavior, 69, 1-9.
52. Rampersad, G., & Althiyabi, T. (2020). Fake news: Acceptance by demographics and culture on social media. Journal of Information Technology and Politics, 17(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2019.1686676
53. Roozenbeek, J., Schneider, C. R., Dryhurst, S., Kerr, J., Freeman, A. L., Recchia, G., & Van Der Linden, S. (2020). Susceptibility to misinformation about COVID-19 around the world. Royal Society open science, 7(10), 201199.
54. Rubin, V. L. (2019). Disinformation and misinformation triangle: A conceptual model for “fake news” epidemic, causal factors and interventions. Journal of documentation. Vol. 75 No. 5, pp. 1013-1034. https://doi.org/10.1108/JD-12-2018-0209
55. Sari, K. A. K. (2021) COVID-19 Infodemic: Underlining the importance of digital literacy skills.
56. Shu, K., Sliva, A., Wang, S., Tang, J., & Liu, H. (2017). Fake news detection on social media: A data mining perspective. ACM SIGKDD Explorations Newsletter, 19(1), 22–36.
57. Tasnim, S., Hossain, M., & Mazumder, H. (2020). Impact of rumors or misinformation on coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in social media. https ://doi.org/10.31235 /osf.io/uf3zn .
58. The #stopthespread campaign, coordinated by WHO with national governments worldwide, https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/countering-misinformation-about-covid19.
59. Understanding the infodemic and misinformation in the fight against COVID-19. (2020). Retrieved from The World Health Organization : https://www.who.int/health-topics/infodemic/understanding-the-infodemic-and-misinformation-in-the-fight-against-covid-19#tab=tab_1
60. Velasco, J. (2020). Millennials as Digital Natives: Examining the Social Media Activities of the Philippine Y-Generation. Social Sciences & Humanities Journal, 1939 - 1957.
61. Van Der Linden, S., Roozenbeek, J., & Compton, J. (2020). Inoculating against fake news about COVID-19. Frontiers in psychology, 11, 2928.
62. Van Deursen, A.J.A.M., Helsper, E.J. & Eynon, R. (2014). Measuring Digital Skills. From Digital Skills to Tangible Outcomes project report. Available at: www.oii.ox.ac.uk/research/projects/?id=112
63. Williams, G., Hamm, M. P., Shulhan, J., Vandermeer, B., & Hartling, L. (2014). Social media interventions for diet and exercise behaviours: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ open, 4(2), e003926.
64. Will the COVID-19 pandemic threaten the SDGs? (2020). The Lancet Public Health, 1. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30189-4
65. World Health Organization (2020a). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) advice for the public: Mythbusters. Available online at: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public/myth-busters (accessed May 5, 2020).