Detergent Maceration: A Convenient Skeleton Preparation Technique for Teaching and Demonstration of Veterinary Anatomy | ||||
Journal of Applied Veterinary Sciences | ||||
Article 3, Volume 8, Issue 1, January 2023, Page 11-17 PDF (339.75 K) | ||||
Document Type: Original Article | ||||
DOI: 10.21608/javs.2022.158955.1175 | ||||
![]() | ||||
Authors | ||||
Md. Ashraf Zaman Faruk ![]() ![]() ![]() | ||||
Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh. | ||||
Abstract | ||||
The current study investigates to develop a convenient technique for preparation of a dog skeleton without any unpleasant smell, cracking, crumbling or discoloration of bones by using a combination of commercially available detergent and Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Specimens were skinned and immersed in a pre-heated 10-liter detergent solution at 50°C to 60°C for 2-3 hours then left for 12 hours. Maceration was deemed completed when any remaining soft tissue was easily removed under running tap water or by soft brush. Then the bones were kept for bleaching with 3% H2O2 for 24-48 hours and allowed to dry properly in the sun. It is shown that the detergent maceration was remarkably faster compared to the traditional burial, insect, hot or cool-water methods, which requires up to several days. In this entire process, skeletons were prepared and installed in correct conformation in only about 92 hours (less than four days). In contrast, the whole maceration was completed in 15 hours (boiling and cooling). On the other hand, the longest time was taken for bleaching and drying purposes, which were 2 days, respectively. The method investigated here for the preparation of skeletal materials in an essentially odorless way, which has shown to be more convenient (faster, easier, safer, and cheaper) compare to previous models in the fields of veterinary anatomy. We believe this project's result will help improve the preparation and preservation technique of skeletons for gross anatomical studies in veterinary institutions. | ||||
Keywords | ||||
Detergent; Dog Skeleton; Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2); Maceration | ||||
References | ||||
AJAYI, A., EDJOMARIEGWE, O., and ISELAIYE, O. T., 2016. A review of bone preparation techniques for anatomical studies. Malaya Journal of Biosciences, 3(2): 76-80.
ALLEN, E. R., and NEILL, W. T., 1950. Cleaning mammal skeletons with mealworms. Journal of Mammalogy, 31(4): 464-464.
ALLOUCH, G. 2014. Scientific technique for skeletons preservation and preparation of anatomical models to promote veterinary anatomy. Journal of Veterinary Anatomy, 7(2): 133-139. https://doi.org/10.21608/jva.2014.44817
ATABO, S. M., HENA, S. A., JAJI, A. Z., and BODINGA, A. H., 2019. Bovine Skeleton Preparation Using Hot Water Technique for Anatomical Studies. Asian Journal of Research in Animal and Veterinary Sciences. 4(3): 1-7.
BAKER, P., DAVIS, S., PAYNE, S., and REVILL, M., 2003. On preparing animal skeletons: a simple and effective method. International Council for Archaeozoology, México, 4(1): 4-15.
BEMIS, W. E., HILTON, E. J., BROWN, B., ARRINDELL, R., RICHMOND, A. M., LITTLE, C. D., GRANDE, L., FOREY, P. L., and NELSON, G. J., 2004. Methods for preparing dry, partially articulated skeletons of osteichthyans, with notes on making ride wood dissections of the cranial skeleton. Copeia, 2004(3): 603-609. https://doi.org/10.1643/CI-03-054R1
COUSE, T., and CONNOR, M., 2015. A comparison of maceration techniques for use in forensic skeletal preparations. J Forensic Investig, 3(1): 6.
FENTON, T. W., BIRKBY, W. H., and CORNELISON, J., 2003. A fast and safe non-bleaching method for forensic skeletal preparation. Journal of forensic sciences, 48(2): 274-276. https://doi.org/10.1520/JFS2002034
GETTY, R., SISSON, S., and GROSSMAN, J. D., 1975. Sisson and Grossman's the Anatomy of the Domestic Animals. Saunders. Vol 1, 5th Edition, 19 pp.
GHOSH, R. K. 1998. Primary veterinary anatomy. Current Books International, Kolkata, pp. 2-3.
GOFUR, M. R., and KHAN, M. S. I., 2010. Development of a quick, economical, and efficient method for preparation of skeleton of small animals and birds. International Journal of BioResearch, 2(7): 13-17.
GRAM, C. O. 2006. Vertebrate Skeletons: Preparation and Storage. National Park Service, pp. 7-11.
GREENE, E. A., SMITH, K. R., PENDERGRAFT, J. S., RAUB, R. H., and ARNS, M. J., 1993. Equine skeletal preservation techniques to enhance teaching effectiveness. Journal of animal science, 71(8): 2270-2274.
HABIB, R. S., and ALI, A. S., 2019. Local Sheep Skeleton Preparation: Development Of A New Preservation Technique. Journal of Duhok University, 22(2): 81-84. https://doi.org/10.26682/ajuod.2019.22.2.8
HUSSAIN, M., HUSSAIN, N., ZAINAB, H., and QAISER, S., 2007. Skeletal preservation techniques to enhance veterinary anatomy teaching. IJVAMS, 1: 21-23.
KARDONG, K. V. 2002. Vertebrates Comparative Anatomy, Function, and Evolution. International Edition. 3rd Edition. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. New York. USA hal: 233-236 pp.
KEMPA, K., KULAWIK, M., BARTYZEL, B. J., JAKUBOWSKI, M., SKUBIS, J., and KOCZON, P., 2016. Characterization of selected techniques of maceration bones of Gallus gallus domesticus. Folia Pomeranae Universitatis Technologiae Stetinensis. Agricultura, Alimentaria, Piscariaet Zootechnica, 328(39)3: 109–116. https://doi.org/10.21005/AAPZ2016.39.3.10
KING, C., and BIRCH, W., 2015. Assessment of maceration techniques used to remove soft tissue from bone in cut mark analysis. Journal of forensic sciences, 60(1): 124-135. https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.12582
LEEPER, B. J. 2015. Evaluation of current methods of soft tissue removal from bone. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Pittsburgh ProQuest Dissertations Publishing), pp. 1-128.
LEIDEN UNIVERSITY LABORATORY FOR HUMAN OSTEOARCHAEOLOGY, 2019. The skeleton as a source of information.
MAHON, T. J., MABOKE, N., and MYBURGH, J., 2021. The use of different detergents in skeletal preparations. Forensic Science International, 327: 110967. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.110967
MAIRS, S., SWIFT, B., and RUTTY, G. N., 2004. Detergent: an alternative approach to traditional bone cleaning methods for forensic practice. The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 25(4): 276–84. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.paf.0000147320.70639.41
MANN, R. W., and BERRYMAN, H. E., 2012. A method for defleshing human remains using household bleach. Journal of forensic sciences, 57(2): 440-442. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2011.01987.x
OLSON, S. L. 2003. Development and uses of avian skeleton collections. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club. (123A): 26-34.
PROKOP, P. A., PROKOP, M. A., TUNNICLIFFE, S. D., and DIRAN, C., 2007. Children's ideas of animals' internal structures. Journal of Biological Education, 41(2): 62-67. https://doi.org/10.1080/00219266.2007.9656064
ROWLEY, B. 2015. Protocols for Cleaning and Articulating Large Mammal Skeleton. In Symposium (Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 3).
SIMONSEN, K. P., RASMUSSEN, A. R., MATHISEN, P., PETERSEN, H., and BORUP, F., 2011. A fast preparation of skeletal materials using enzyme maceration. Journal of forensic sciences, 56(2): 480-484. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2010.01668.x
SOON, L. P., SEE, K. L., SAIDIN, M. H., HASMI, A. H., MAHMOOD, M. S., ABDULLAH, N. U. R. L. I. Z. A., and AHMAD, N. W., 2015. Effectiveness of bone cleaning process using chemical and entomology approaches: time and cost. The Malaysian journal of pathology, 37(2): 123-135.
STEADMAN, D. W., DIANTONIO, L. L., WILSON, J. J., SHERIDAN, K. E., and TAMMARIELLO, S. P., 2006. The effects of chemical and heat maceration techniques on the recovery of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA from bone. Journal of forensic sciences, 51(1): 11-17. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2005.00001
SULLIVAN, L. M., and ROMNEY C. P., 1999. "Cleaning and preserving animal skulls ."Cooperative Extension, College of Agriculture, The University of Arizona. http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~tct/skullprepuofa.pdf (Accessed 20 July 2022)
TEFERA, M. 2011. Enhancing cognitive learning in veterinary osteology through student participation in skeleton preparation project. Ethiopian Veterinary Journal, 15(1): 87-102.
UHRE, M. L., ERIKSEN, A. M., SIMONSEN, K. P., RASMUSSEN, A. R., HJORT, B. B., and LYNNERUP, N., 2015. Enzymatic maceration of bone: a gentler technique than boiling. Medicine, Science and the Law, 55(2): 90-96. https://doi.org/10.1177/0025802414532246
VANCLEAVE, J. 2010. How to Prepare a Chicken Skeleton. http://scienceprojectideasforkids.com/2010/how-to-prepare-a-chicken-skeleton. (Accessed 20 May 2022).
ZANEB, H., and STANEK, C., 2008. Three Rs in the research and education system of Pakistan: Perspectives and possibilities Proc. 6th World Congress on Alternatives & Animal Use in the Life Sciences August 2007, Tokyo, Japan, (AATEX), 14: 229-233.
| ||||
Statistics Article View: 612 PDF Download: 638 |
||||