HARDNESS AND WEAR OF POLYMETHYL METHACRYLATE FILLED WITH MULTI- WALLED CARBON NANOTUBES AS DENTURE BASE MATERIALS

HARDNESS AND WEAR OF POLYMETHYL METHACRYLATE FILLED WITH MULTI- WALLED CARBON NANOTUBES AS DENTURE BASE MATERIALS

 

Ameer A. K., Mousa M. O. and Ali W. Y.

 

Department of Production Engineering & Mechanical Design, Faculty of Engineering,

Minia University, El-Minia – 61111, Egypt.

 

ABSTRACT

The main objective of this work is to investigate the influence of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on the hardness and wear of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) reinforced by MWCNTs of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 wt. % contents. PMMA is prepared at both hot and cold acrylic resins to be used as denture base materials. The hardness of the proposed composites is measured by Shore D Durometer on the surface and side of the composites. Wear of MWCNTs/PMMA composites is measured by weighing the specimens before and after the test on a reciprocating wear tester.

 

Based on the experiments, it is observed that the hardness of hot cured composites increased while wear decreased by increasing MWCNTs content unlike the cold cured composites,. In addition to that, it is shown that wear of hot cured composites decreased by increasing normal loads also unlike cold cured composites where wear increased by increasing normal loads. From this study, it can be concluded that hot cured composites are better than cold cured composites as denture base materials.

 

KEYWORDS

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), wear, hardness.

 

INTRODUCTION

Poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is one of the most widely used industrial polymeric materials and still remains an active material for research at the cutting edges of science. Because of its good biocompatibility, reliability, dimensional stability, absence of taste, odor, tissue irritation and toxicity, [1], teeth adhesion, [2], insolubility in body fluids, relative ease of manipulation, good aesthetic appearance, [3], and color stability, [4], PMMA based materials are widely used as biomaterials. Nowadays, PMMA finds applications not only in dentistry but also in areas such as transparent glass substitutes, interior design, transparent dielectric films, [5], acrylic paints, [6], and microcellular foams, [7]. Still, one of the most attractive applications of PMMA based materials is in various biomedical applications such as intraocular lenses, [8], bone cement in orthopedic surgery, [9], and removable partial denture [10].

 

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are tiny tubes with diameters of a few nanometers and lengths of several microns made of carbon atoms. Since the discovery of this form of carbon atoms, [11], in 1991, many attentions have been drawn to use the outstanding physical and chemical properties of CNTs such as high Young's modulus (approximately 1 TPa), tensile strength, and excellent thermal and electrical conductivities, [12]. Carbon nanotubes have been used in various fields of applications in recent years due to their high physical, chemical, and mechanical properties, [13]. One of these fields is composite materials in which CNTs are added to a matrix not only as reinforcement but also to obtain other physical and chemical properties such as electrical conductivity and corrosion resistance. Carbon nanotubes are specially introduced into polymer matrices like epoxy to fabricate polymer matrix nanocomposites which presents a new generation of composite materials, [14 - 18]. Increase in strength and Young's modulus of fabricated double-walled carbon nanotubes/epoxy nanocomposites was reported at nanotube content of 0.1 wt. %, [14] s the resulting nanocomposites. The effect of dispersed multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) on the enhancement of elastic modulus in an epoxy system was investigated, [15].. The enhancement of strength and Young's modulus of phenolic composites reinforced by single-walled carbon nanotubes was reported, [16].

 

In recent years, researchers across the globe have focused their attention on tailoring polymer Nano composites by filling Nano dimension materials as filler. This has exhibited better mechanical, thermal, optical and electronic properties as compared to that of macro composite because of molecular level interaction between filler and polymer, [19 - 26]. After the discovery carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in 1991, and its versatile properties, structural dimension and high aspect ratio it has become a natural choice as filler to tailor various amenable properties like electrical, thermal and mechanical, [27, 28]. Keeping in view the requirement of high stiffness strength together with low weight and enhanced mechanical, optical, thermal, dielectric and electrical properties, filler reinforced polymer composites find broad spectrum applications in aerospace and biomedical, [29]. Recently, work has also been done to reinforce bone like hard particles and iron doped hydroxyapatite nanoparticles into a polymer matrix for application as a substrate for hard tissue replacement in tissue engineering domains and for the fabrication of composite scaffold, [30, 31]. Amongst the polymers, we have used polymethyl methacrylate in the present investigation because of its less viscous nature, amorphicity, optical clarity, low cost and miscibility of CNTs in PMMA which is quite good.

 

In the present work, the influence of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on the hardness and wear of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) reinforced by MWCNTs is investigated.

EXPERIMENTAL

MATERIALS

The matrix materials used in this study is Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and the fiber is Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) as shown in Fig1. PMMA is used in two types; one as cold cured acrylic reins and the other one as heat cured acrylic reins, as investigated in Figures (2, 3). Table 1 shows the properties of PMMA as acrylic resins, while table 2 shows the details of MWCNTs.

 

Table 1 Typical Properties of Acrylic PMMA

 

 

 

Table 2 Details of MWCNTs.

Diameter, (nm)	Length, (μm)	Surface area, (m2/g)	Purity, %
8	10-30	90-350	95

 

 

 

Fig.1 Multi Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs), [2]

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

TEST SPECIMENPREPARATION

Test specimens have been made of PMMA. The MWCNTs were added in different contents of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 wt. %. Three specimens have been fabricated from PMMA (as received)  and the other specimens have been fabricated by adding the MWCNTs contents to the PMMA powder in a glass beaker, then mixed for 20 second and added to the mold of specimens of cylindrical shape as shown in Figs. 2, 3.  The molds were put in water bath at 100°C for 30 second and then ejected and left for bench cooling.  Figures 4, 5 show samples of PMMA and PMMA/ MWCNTs composites.

 

 

Fig. 2 Test specimen.

Ø8

20

 

 

 

 

 

TEST METHOD

1-HARDNESS TEST

Shore D Durometer instrument was used. Hardness was measured in three positions. The first one on the surface of the specimens (top and bottom), the second was on the side of the specimens and the third was on the surface in radial distance from center to the edge of all specimens.

 

 

 

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Hot water

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Fig. 3 Preparation steps of test specimens 1. MWCNTs, 2. PMMA,   3. Mixing, 4. Packing, 5. Curing,   6. Bench Cooling, 7. Removing,   8. Grinding,    9. Final Specimen.

(9)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2- WEAR TEST 

Wear tests were done by weighing the specimens before and after the test to measure the weight loss, where the specimens were tested by making friction between specimens and emery paper (1000 grit size)using reciprocating sliding apparatus as shown in Figure 6.

 

 

 

 

Fig.4 Sample of PMMA. material.

Fig.5 Sample of PMMA material reinforced with MWCNTs.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Motion Direction

Fig. 6 The reciprocating wear tester; 1. Base,  2. Plate,  3. Linear Bearing, 4. Table,   5. Emery Paper, 6. Sample, 7. Load Cell, 8. Normal Load.

Motion Direction

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

1- HARDNESS

Figures 7, 8 show theeffect of MWCNTs contents on the hardness of surface and side of MWCNTs/PMMA composites. It can be noticed that the hardness of the hot composites increased by increasing the content of MWCNTs, this improvement in hardness may be due to the high strength and Young’s modulus of the MWCNT reinforcement and the heat treatment that increased hardness values due to an overlap and stacking, which reduced the movement of polymer molecules, which lead to increase the resistance of material to scratch, cut, and become more resistant to plastic deformation.

 

Fig. 7 Effect of MWCNTs contents on the surface hardness  of MWCNTs/PMMA composites.

Fig. 8 Effect of MWCNTs contents on the side hardness of MWCNTs/PMMA composites.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figures 9, 10 show the hardness of the cold MWCNTs / PMMA composites in radial distance from the surface of the composites to the edge, while Figures 11, 12 show the hardness of the hot MWCNTs / PMMA composites in radial distance from the surface of the composites to the edge. It can be seen that the hardness increased at the edge in both hot and cold composites but decreased from the edge to the core of composites where the surface is cooled rapidly than the core of composites. For hot composites the hardness is higher than the cold one because of the reasons mentioned before.

 

 

 

Fig. 9 Hardness of cold MWCNTs/PMMA composites in radial distance from the center of the surface to the edge.

Fig.11 Hardness of hot MWCNTs/PMMA composites in radial distance from the center of the surface to the edge.

Fig.12 Hardness of hot MWCNTs/PMMA composites in radial distance from the center of the surface to the edge.

Fig.10 Hardness of cold MWCNTs/PMMA composites in radial distance from the center of the surface to the edge.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2- WEAR

2-1 EFFECT OF MWCNTs CONTENT ON WEAR

Figures 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17 show the effect of MWCNTs content on wear of MWCNTs/PMMA composites for both cold and hot composites under loads 6, 8, 10, 12 14 N.  It is noticed that the wear for hot composites decreased by increasing MWCNTs content until of 0.2 and 0.3wt. % content, then wear increased. The decrease of wear may be due to the homogenous dispersion of MWCNTs in PMMA polymer up to 0.3 wt. %, where the strong linkages at the interface phases nanocarbon and PMMA result to increase the coherence of the mixture, while the increase of wear after that content may be due to the inhomogeneous dispersion of MWCNTs in PMMA polymer causing more agglomerations of the carbon nanotubes inside polymer matrix that reduced the reinforcing effects of the MWCNTs by acting as flaws in the resin. On the other side for the cold composites, it can be seen that wear increased by increasing MWCNTs content.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fig.13 Effect of MWCNTs contents on wear  of MWCNTs/PMMA composites at 6 N load.

Fig.16 Effect of MWCNTs contents on wear of MWCNTs/PMMA composites at 12 N load.

Fig. 17 Effect of MWCNTs contents on wear of MWCNTs/PMMA composites at 14 N load.

Fig.14 Effect of MWCNTs contents on wear of MWCNTs/PMMA composites at 8 N load.

Fig.15 Effect of MWCNTs contents on wear of MWCNTs/PMMA composites at 10 N load.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2-2 EFFECT OF NORMAL LOAD ON WEAR

Figures 18, 19 show the effect of normal load on wear of cold composites under different contents of MWCNTs, while Figures 20, 21 show the effect of normal load on wear of hot composites. It can be noticed that for cold composites wear increased by increasing normal load. This behaviour may be due to the agglomerates that cannot effectively transfer stress. The local agglomerates formed stress point leads to the generation of fracture source, which increases wear. For hot composites, it can be shown that wear decreases for pure specimen and composites of 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 wt. %, MWCNTs content, while wear increased for of 0.4 and 0.5 wt. % content because of the agglomeration of MWCNTs inside the PMMA matrix.  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fig.18 Effect of normal load on wear of cold cured MWCNTs/PMMA. composites.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fig. 19 Effect of normal load on wear of cold cured MWCNTs/PMMA. composites.

Fig. 20 Effect of normal load on wear of cold cured MWCNTs/PMMA.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fig. 21 Effect of normal load on wear of cold cured MWCNTs/PMMA composites.

 

 

CONCLUSIONS

From this study the followings can be concluded:

1. Hardness of hot cured MWCNTs/ PMMA composites increases with increasing MWCNTs contents.

2. Hardness of cold cured MWCNTs/ PMMA composites decreases with increasing MWCNTs contents.

3. Wear of hot cured MWCNTs/PMMA composites decreases with increasing MWCNTs content up to 0.3 wt. % content, representing the optimum ones.

4. Wear of hot cured MWCNTs/ PMMA composites increases at MWCNTs contents up to 0.4  and 0.5 wt. %.

5. Wear of cold cured MWCNTs/PMMA composites is relatively higher than unfilled PMMA.

6. Hot cured MWCNTs/ PMMA composites are recommended for medical and engineering applications. 

 

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